Entries from CIBASE regarding the CIA and Guatemala

ACADEMIA CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY (CFD) WAS ESTABLISHED IN 84 TO “PROMOTE THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN U.S. AND ABROAD.” CONCEPT FOR GROUP APPARENTLY CAME FROM AMERICAN POLITICAL FOUNDATION (APF), A GROUP FOUNDED IN LATE-70S TO DEVELOP A BIPARTISAN APPROACH TO ASSIST EMERGING DEMOCRACIES. THE APF – COMPOSED OF BUSINESS, LABOR, GOVERNMENT, AND ACADEMIC LEADERS – ORGANIZED “THE DEMOCRACY PROGRAM” WHICH PROPOSED GVT FUNDING OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) AND ITS FOUR ASSOCIATED INSTITUTES. THE DEMOCRACY PROGRAM EVOLVED INTO CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY, UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF BOSTON UNIVERSITY. CENTER HAS OFFICES IN BOSTON, WASHINGTON, DC, GUATEMALA CITY AND STRASBOURG, FRANCE. CENTER’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS IS DOMINATED BY POLITICAL HEAVYWEIGHTS FROM INFLUENTIAL LEGAL AND PUBLIC RELATIONS FIRMS AND FROM A BOARD OF NED. KNOWN FUNDING SOURCES ARE PRIMARILY GOVERNMENTAL. CDF MAINTAINS A “LIAISON PRESENCE” IN STRASBOURG, FRANCE TO ASSIST WITH DEMOCRATIZATION OCCURRING IN EASTERN EUROPE. CDF IS ALSO ACTIVE IN ELECTORAL PROCESS IN NAMIBIA, PRIMARILY TRYING TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SWAPO AND OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES. CENTER’S MAIN ACTIVITIES HAVE FOCUSED ON CENTRAL AMERICA. PRIOR TO RECEIVING ITS MAJOR CONTRACT FOR DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT IN GUATEMALA, THE CENTER ADMINISTERED AN AID-FUNDED LEGISLATIVE SUPPORT PROGRAM THAT INVOLVED WORK WITH THE NATIONAL LEGISLATURES OF BELIZE, COSTA RICA, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, AND HONDURAS. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT CENTRAL AMERICA, 87 “THE SECRET WAR IN CENTRAL AMERICA: SANDINISTA ASSAULT ON WORLD ORDER,” BY JOHN NORTON MOORE, PUBLISHED BY UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA. THE BOOK “EXPOSES” THE SANDINISTA WAR AGAINST EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS AND COSTA RICA. THE BOOK REVEALS “THE PATTERN OF SOVIET-CUBAN AGGRESSION IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WORLDWIDE MARXIST NETWORK SUPPORTING `WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION.’” MOORE IS THE DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR LAW AT THE U. OF VIRGINA LAW SCHOOL. WASHINGTON POST BOOKWORLD 1/11/87 1/11/87 9 GUATEMALA, 44-54 COLD-WAR SCHOLAR RONALD SCHNEIDER PUBLISHED IN 58 A SCHOLARLY ACCOUNT OF THE COMMUNIST TAKEOVER UNDER ARBENZ “COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA.” SCHNEIDER GIVEN ACCESS TO MORE THAN 50,000 INTERNAL DOCS. BOOK MADE NO MENTION OF U.S. ROLE IN OVERTHROW GVT. WHEN HE WROTE BOOK SCHNEIDER EMPLOYED BY THE U. OF PENNSYLVANIA’S RIGHT-WING COLD-WAR THINK TANK, THE FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FPRI). IT CLAIMED SCHNEIDER GOT DOCS THRU THE STATE DEPT, IT MORE LIKELY THAT HIS CONTACTS WERE THE CIA, WHICH WAS FUNDING THE FPRI. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 83-4 GUATEMALA, 54 DOCUMENTS REMOVED FROM GUATEMALA IN JULY 54. PART OF CLEANUP OF STATE DEPT-CIA OP A COMMITTEE “SEIZED FILES OF ALL COMMUNIST-INFILTRATED ORGS AND LEADING FIGURES OF ARBENZ REGIME.” 50,000 DOCS MICROFILMED USED TO FORM BASIS OF BOOK, “COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA,” 1944-1954, BY RONALD M. SCHNEIDER – PUBLISHED BY FREDERICK A. PRAEGER SERIES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY AND WORLD COMMUNISM (1958), SUBSEQUENTLY REVEALED TO BE A CIA-SPONSORED PROJECT UNDER FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 375-76 N 2 GUATEMALA, 89 NED, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, FOR ATANASIO TZUL INSTITUTE, FOR SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES FOR REPRESENTATIVES OF POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECTORS ON BASIC ELEMENTS OF DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM. $40,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 89 33 GUATEMALA, 89 NED, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, FOR NATIONAL RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF GUATEMALA. $60,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 89 33 GUATEMALA, 90 NED, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, FOR CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES (CEDEP) FOR A GET-OUT-THE-VOTE CAMPAIGN, CARRY OUT WORKSHOPS, SPONSOR NATIONAL FORUM AND PUBLISH BULLETIN. $80,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 90 40 GUATEMALA, 90 NED, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, TO ENABLE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH (ASIES) CARRY OUT MASS MEDIA VOTER EDUCATION PROGRAM. $60,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 90 40 AGENT CUBA, GUATEMALA, 61 IN 1961 AN AMERICAN [CIA] RELEASED PHOTOS OF CUBAN EXILE BRIGADE TRAINING IN GUATEMALA TO SPANISH LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS FOR RECRUITMENT PURPOSES. NOTE: BASED ON CUBAN EXILE’S ACCOUNT. HAYNES, J. (1964). THE BAY OF PIGS: THE LEADER’S STORY OF BRIGADE 2506 63 GUATEMALA, 53-54 ISSAC DELGADO ACTED AS A DOUBLE AGENT IN GUATEMALA IN 1953. HE APPROACHED AN AIDE OF ARBENZ OFFERING HIS SERVICES. HE SOLD ARBENZ GOV DOCUMENTS SHOWING PLAN WAS UNDERWAY TO OVERTHROW GOVERNMENT. IN EARLY JAN 54, GOVERNMENT WENT PUBLIC WITH DOCUMENTS. FORMER ARMY MAJOR ENRIQUE TRINIDAD OLIVIA, A KEY ARMAS ALLY AND OTHER CONSPIRATORS WERE ARRESTED. U.S. LAUNCHED CAMPAIGN PORTRAYING THOSE ARRESTED AS VICTIMS OF REPRESSIVE COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 258,259 GUATEMALA, 54 BRIEF ARTICLE ON ANNIVERSARY OF CIA-ORCHESTRATED COUP IN GUATEMALA. PHIL ROETINGER WRITES THAT HE WAS IN CIA AT TIME AND HELPED OVERTHROW THE GVT. CIA RECRUITED A TRAITOR WITHIN ARBENZ GVT WHO CONVINCED ARBENZ TO ABDICATE TO PREVENT LOSS OF LIFE – THIS TRAITOR LATER INSTALLED AS PRESIDENT AND STILL LATER WAS ASSASSINATED. GUATEMALA HAS BEEN RULED BY VICIOUS DICTATORS SINCE. UNCLASSIFIED 8/94 20 AIR OP AIR COMMANDO ASSOCIATION (ACA), HONDURAS. ACA BEGAN WORK IN HONDURAS IN 84 AND MAY HAVE ASSISTED NICARAGUAN CONTRAS. THE MICHIGAN AIR GUARD PACKED UP SUPPLIES, AIR FORCE PROVIDED STORAGE FACILITIES, AND SPECIAL OPS AIR FORCE PERSONNEL HELPED TRANSPORT SEVERAL TONS OF SUPPLIES TO GUATEMALA FOR ACA. OPS OF ACA AND OTHER PARAMILITARY GROUPS OPERATING IN CENTRAL AMERICA REPORTEDLY COORDINATED THEIR EFFORTS THROUGH OLIVER NORTH ON THE NSC. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT CUBA, 60-61 PILOTS FROM ALABAMA NATIONAL GUARD TRAINED CUBANS TO FLY AT BASES IN GUATEMALA. CURREY, C.B. (1988). EDWARD LANSDALE: THE UNQUIET AMERICAN 209 CUBA, 61 8-16 B-26’S AT RETALHULEU, GUATEMALA READYING FOR THE BAY OF PIGS. BY LATIN AMERICAN STANDARDS THIS EQUIVALENT OF MAJOR AIR FORCE. PROUTY, L.F. (1973). THE SECRET TEAM 41 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA-REBEL AIR FORCE BOMBED A BRITISH FREIGHTER IN GUA. PORT ON 27 JUN 54 SUSPECTING IT WAS CARRYING WEAPONS. U.S. GOV QUIETLY SETTLED WITH SHIP’S OWNER FOR $1 MILLION. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 340 GUATEMALA, 54 TO PROVIDE COVER FOR THE TRANSACTION, P-47S “SOLD” TO NICARAGUAN AIR FORCE AND PAID FOR WITH $150,000 SUPPLIED BY CIA. HANEY IMMEDIATELY SENT THE FIGHTERS ON A 72 HOUR RAMPAGE THAT TURNED THE TIDE IN REBELS’ FAVOR. BARRACKS WERE BOMBED AND MACHINE- GUNNED, AMMUNITION AND OIL DUMPS WERE HIT AND THE POPULATION PANICKED. RADIO LIBERATION ANNOUNCED MAJOR REBEL VICTORIES IN NONEXISTENT CLASHES. GUATEMALAN ARMY WAS DEMORALIZED BY RADIO REPORTS CLAIMING REBEL FORCE HAD GROWN TO 5,000 MEN AND THAT ITS RANKS WERE SWELLING BY THE HOUR. IN ACTUALITY THE ARMY OF LIBERATION NEVER TOTALED MORE THAN 400 MEN AND REMAINED CLOSE TO ITS HONDURAN SANCTUARY SO IT COULD FLEE AT THE FIRST SIGN OF AN ATTACK. KEPT FROM THE “FRONT” BY SUSPICIOUS ARBENZ, FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS RELIED ON REPORTS OF REBEL ADVANCED FED THEM BY PEURIFOY, WHO SWAGGERED ABOUT THE CAPITAL WEARING A PISTOL. MILLER, N. (1989). SPYING FOR AMERICA 339 GUATEMALA, 54 U.S. PILOTS LIKE JERRY FRED DELARM FLEW ABOUT ONE DOZEN WWII P-47’S AND C-47’S IN OPERATION SUCCESS. THEY TRAINED AT PUERTO CABEZAS, NICARAGUA. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 292 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA NEGOTIATED SALE OF AIR FORCE PLANES TO NICARAGUAN AIR FORCE, CIA PILOTS USED PLANES TO FLY SORTIES IN GUATEMALA. POWERS, T. (1979). THE MAN WHO KEPT THE SECRETS 87 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA PROVIDED EXILES WITH MORE THAN 30 PLANES FOR USE IN OVERTHROW OP. MEDICAL INSTITUTE SET UP TO COVER CIA INVOLVEMENT. BF 17, 115-116, 171-2, 182, 193 GUATEMALA, 54 SMALL CIA AIR FORCE OF 47 THUNDERBOLTS BOMBED GUATEMALA, EISENHOWER’S AMBASSADOR TO UN. CATEGORICALLY DENIED ANY U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN COUP. WISE, D. (1973). THE POLITICS OF LYING 51 GUATEMALA, 54 TO SUPPORT OVERTHROW. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 105-07 GUATEMALA, 60 CIA PROVIDED BOMBERS PILOTED BY CUBAN EXILES TO ATTACK DISSIDENT ARMY PERSONNEL. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 239 GUATEMALA. SHEEP-DIPPED AIR FORCE PERSONNEL BOMBED AND STRAFED THE REBEL HQS TO SAVE THE YDIGORAS GVT. PROUTY, L.F. (1973). THE SECRET TEAM 41 AIRLINE 55 CIA INVESTMENT IN AN AIRLINE AT SPECIFIC REQUEST OF STATE, WHICH FEARED USSR CONTROL OF THE AIRLINE. CIA NOT PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN AIRLINE. OTHER INFO SUGGESTS THIS DEALT WITH AIRPLANES FOR CASTILLO ARMAS, WHO WAS SEEKING TO OVERTHROW ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA IN 54. MAY HAVE REFERRED TO PROGRAM EMPLOYING U-2. JACKSON, W. (CIA STUDY DECLASSIFIED 1994). VOLUME III, COVERT ACTIVITIES 87 GUATEMALA, 54 OVERTHROW USED CIA’S FLYING TIGERS AIRLINE. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P4 RICHARD C. DU PONT WAS INVOLVED IN MORE CLANDESTINE OPS. HE TURNED TO HIS PRIVATE AIR FLEET, SUMMIT AVIATION, THE MULTI-MILLION-DOLLAR AIRPLANE CHARTER AND OVERHAUL COMPANY THAT RICHARD HAD FOUNDED SHORTLY AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE CIA’S INVASION OF CUBA’S BAY OF PIGS. IN 1961, RICHARD FOUNDED SUMMIT AVIATION, APPARENTLY WITH HELP OF PATRICK J. FOLEY – A CIA OPERATIVE. FOLEY, THE SUMMIT EXECUTIVE, INSISTED THAT ALL OF SUMMIT’S SALES ABROAD HAD BEEN APPROVED BY THE U.S. GVT. RICHARD’S SUMMIT AVIATION HAD CARGO PLANES WHICH MOVED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. SUMMIT HAD A FLEET OF CESSANA AND PIPER AIRPLANES. SOME OF THESE WERE CONVERTED INTO SOPHISTICATED WARPLANES AND SOLD TO DICTATORSHIPS IN CARIBBEAN BASIN, INCLUDING HAITI, HONDURAS, GUATEMALA AND SOMOZA’S NICARAGUA. [MILITARY-LIKE] MODIFICATIONS TO AIRPLANES MADE AT SUMMIT SINCE AT LEAST 76. CONVERSION HIKES COST OF SKYMASTER FROM $100,000 TO AS HIGH AS $500,000, TURNS CIVILIAN PLANES INTO MINIATURE ATTACK-FIGHTER-BOMBER THAT HAS MILITARY DESIGNATION 02-337. “CIVIC ACTION” AIRCRAFT WAS USED EXTENSIVELY IN VIETNAM FOR COUNTERINSURGENCY OPS. FURTHER DETAILS RE PLANE MODIFICATION OP. COLBY, G. (1984). DUPONT DYNASTY 778,785-787 SOUTHERN AIR TRANSPORT, 9 APRIL 83 CARRIES 22 TONS ARMS FROM PANAMA TO PALMEROLA. SAT FLIES 5 FLIGHTS THRU MAY 86 CARRYING EXPLOSIVES TO GUATEMALA, HONDURAS AND EL SALVADOR. NATIONAL SECURITY ARCHIVES. (1987). THE CHRONOLOGY 27, 199 AMBASSADOR CENTRAL AMERICA, 53 OPERATION SUCCESS PLANNER FRANK WISNER WAS INVOLVED IN DECISION TO APPOINT JACK PEURIFOY AS AMBASSADOR TO GUATEMALA IN OCT 53. CIA WANTED “DIRECT LINE” TO EMBASSY IN GUA. OTHER AMBASSADORS IN CIA “TEAM” INCLUDED WHITING WILLAUER (HONDURAS), A CIA VET OF AGENCY’S CIVIL AIR TRANSPORT CO IN CHINA, AND TOM WHELAN (NICARAGUA). GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 252-254, 289-290 GUATEMALA, 52 THE AMBASSADOR HAD EFFECTIVELY SILENCED THE CIA BY INSISTING THAT ALL MESSAGES MUST BE PERSONALLY APPROVED BY HIM BEFORE THEY COULD BE SENT TO HQS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 83 GUATEMALA 54 CLOSE RELATIONS WITH PEURIFOY. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 135 GUATEMALA, 54 BROADCASTS OF THE VOL ONE SEGMENT OF COMPLEX OP. ARMAS AND HIS MOTLEY BAND DID “INVADE.” THE DARING LOW-LEVEL RAIDS BY THE AIR FORCE, AND AMBASSADOR PUERIFOY ACTIONS IN MEETING WITH GUATEMALANS AND BLUNTLY TELLING THEM OF U.S. CONCERN ABOUT ARBENZ’S ALLIANCE WITH MOSCOW. BUT PROPAGANDA OP OF VOL DECISIVE. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 52-3 GUATEMALA, 54 DOS SECRETARY DULLES TOLD AMBASSADOR PEURIFOY TO HAVE THE GVT SCOUR THE COUNTRYSIDE FOR COMMUNISTS AND TO SLAP THEM WITH CRIMINAL CHARGES. THE NATION 10/28/78 444 GUATEMALA, 54 IN OVERTHROW EISENHOWER ENLISTED ALL AMBASSADORS IN THE AREA, GAVE A ROLE TO USIS, AS WELL AS THE US ARMY AND NAVY AND THE CIA. HE ASKED EVERY DICTATOR IN THE AREA; I.E., TRUJILLO, BATISTA, SOMOZA, JIMENEZ, AND OTHERS IN HONDURAS AND EL SALVADOR TO JOIN A REGION-WIDE SEIGE. THE NATION 10/28/78 P44O ASSASSINATIONS GUATEMALA, 54 ONE INFORMER-PROVOCATEUR REPORTED SUCCESS ON “ONE CAMPAIGN TO TERRORIZE COMMUNIST LEADERS.” HIS GROUP HARASSED PRO-ARBENZ LEADERS IN GUATEMALAN CONGRESS. AFTER ONE LEADER SHOT, NOTES SAYING, YOU ARE NEXT, ARE PLANTED IN CARS OR MAILED TO HOMES OF OTHER DEPUTIES. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 265 JACK ANDERSON REPORTS CIA OPS OF SENDING ARMS TO REBELS IN AFGHANISTAN; SUPPORTING EGYPT AND TURKEY IN OPS AGAINST IRAN; BACKING THE POL POT FORCES IN CAMBODIA; TRAINING CUBAN ASSASSINATION SQUADS IN GUATEMALA AND WORKING WITH ISRAEL TO DISRUPT THE PLO. WP 8/27/81 FROM PARAPOLITICS/USA 10/31/81 P7 LATIN AMERICA, 46-94 SCHOOL OF AMERICAS (SOA) ESTABLISHED IN PANAMA IN 46 – BY 60S HAD SPAWNED SO MANY DICTATORS THAT IT KNOWN AS ESCUELA DE GOLPES OR SCHOOL OF COUPS. SOA MOVED TO FORT BENNING IN 84 AFTER BEING KICKED OUT OF PANAMA. PAPER CALLED IT “THE SCHOOL OF ASSASSINS.” THOSE WHO ATTENDED INCLUDE SOLDIERS OF GEN BANZER OF BRAZIL; SOMOZAS OF NICARAGUA; EL SALVADORANS – ALL WERE TOP CLIENTS OF SOA. SOA TRAINED MORE THAN 56,000 SOLDIERS FROM 18 LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN LOW-INTENSITY WARFARE, PSYCHOLOGICAL OPS (PSYOPS), COUNTER-INSURGENCY, COMMANDO OPS, INTERROGATION METHODS AND INTEL. ABOUT 1600 GRADUATES EACH YEAR. U.S. TRAINERS GIVE ONLY LIP SERVICE TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY. A FORMER INSTRUCTOR AT SOA, MAJOR JOSEPH BLAIR, SAID, “IN THREE YEARS (86-89) AT SOA I NEVER HEARD OF SUCH LOFTY GOALS AS PROMOTING FREEDOM, DEMOCRACY OR HUMAN RIGHTS…” SOME GRADUATES ARE NORIEGA OF PANAMA, GEN BANZER, BRUTAL DICTATOR OF BOLIVIA FROM 71-78; SALVADORAN DEATH SQUAD LEADER D’AUBUISSON; GEN GRAMAJO FORMER DEFENSE MINISTER OF GUATEMALA; AND ARGENTINE JUNTA LEADER GALTIERE WHO OVERSAW DIRTY WAR WHEN 30,000 SUSPECTED DISSIDENTS TORTURED AND KILLED. UN TRUTH COMMISSION REPORT OF 93 CITED MANY SOA GRADUATES OF ATROCITIES. PAYMENT FOR STUDENTS AT SOA THRU U.S. INTERNATIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM (IMET) AND FOREIGN MILITARY SALES (FMS). KENNEDY’S TRIED TO LEGISLATE CLOSING OF SOA BUT LOST. AUTHOR OF ARTICLE IS ROY BOURGEOIS, A CATHOLIC PRIEST WITH MARYKNOLL ORDER WHO FOUNDED SOA WATCH. Z 9/94 14-6 GUATEMALA, 68-88 TWO DECADES OF SLAUGHTER HAS RESULTED IN 100,000 POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS AND 40,000 DISAPPEARED. FROM 2 BOOKS “REFUGEES OF A HIDDEN WAR” BY MANZ AND GUATEMALA: ETERNAL SPRING ETERNAL TYRANNY.” REVIEWED IN THE NATION 10/3/88 285-6 GUATEMALA. CIA TRAINED FORCES IN ASSASSINATION. GREEN BERET TRAINING IN CI. BLUM, W. (1986). THE CIA A FORGOTTEN HISTORY 271 ASSETS CUBA, 61 CIA’S BASE FOR BAY OF PIGS OPERATION – A TWO-STORIED BARRACKS AT U.S. NAVY AIR BASE IN OPA-LOCKA, FL – WAS SAME FACILITY USED TO MOUNT OPERATIONS AGAINST GUATEMALA IN 1954 COUP. WYDEN, P. (1979). BAY OF PIGS THE UNTOLD STORY 20 GUATEMALA, 53-54 OPA LOCKA AIR BASE, FL, SERVED AS MAIN TRAINING BASE FOR CIA OP SUCCESS. AL HANEY WAS SUMMONED FROM HIS COS POSITION IN SEOUL KOREA TO HEAD UP EFFORT. HOWARD HUNT WAS POLITICAL ACTION OFFICER. IN FEB 54, TRAINING INITIATED AT MOMOTOMOBITO, AN ISLAND IN LAKE MANAGUA AND AT SOMOZA ESTATE OF EL TAMARINDO. OPA LOCKA AND WASHINGTON WERE DUAL HQ’S IN OP SUCCESS. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 289-290,292 GUATEMALA, 54 THE FIELD HQS FOR THE GUATEMALAN OP WAS A TWO-STORY BARRACKS AT THE MARINE AIR BASE AT OPA LOCKA, FLORIDA. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 98 GUATEMALA, CUBA, 60 CIA INITIATED A BASE AT PLANTATION KNOWN AS HELVETIA IN SIERRA MADRE MOUNTAINS OF GUATEMALA. PLANTATION WAS OWN BY ROBERTO ALLEJOS, BROTHER OF GUA. AMBASSADOR TO U.S., CARLOS ALLEJOS. INITIALLY, BASE WAS INTENDED TO TRAIN TWENTY RADIO OPERATORS. LATER A $1.8 MILLION AIRFIELD WAS ESTABLISHED AND FACILITIES FOR 1400 TRAINEES WERE BUILT. (PHOTO) WYDEN, P. (1979). BAY OF PIGS THE UNTOLD STORY 35,37 BOOK CENTRAL AMERICA, 87 “THE SECRET WAR IN CENTRAL AMERICA: SANDINISTA ASSAULT ON WORLD ORDER,” BY JOHN NORTON MOORE, PUBLISHED BY UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA. BOOK EXPOSES SANDINISTA WAR AGAINST EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS AND COSTA RICA. BOOK REVEALS “THE PATTERN OF SOVIET-CUBAN AGGRESSION IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND WORLDWIDE MARXIST NETWORK SUPPORTING `WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION.’” MOORE IS DIRECTOR OF CENTER FOR LAW AT U. OF VIRGINA LAW SCHOOL. WP BOOKWORLD 1/11/87 1/11/87 9 GUATEMALA, 53-54 ARBENZ GVT BEGAN LEGAL EXPROPRIATION OF 178,000 ACRES OF UNITED FRUIT COMPANY LAND. UF ASKED FOR 16 MILLION, ARBENZ OFFERED A 24-YEAR BOND VALUED AT $525,000. VALUE LOW AS IT BASED ON VALUE COMPANY HAD PLACED ON PROPERTY FOR TAX PURPOSES. UF DISTRIBUTED SEVERAL HUNDRED COPIES OF BOOK, REPORT ON NICARAGUA, THAT BEGAN: “A MOSCOW-DIRECTED COMMUNIST CONSPIRACY IN CENTRAL AMERICA IS ONE OF SOVIET UNION’S MOST SUCCESSFUL OPERATIONS OF INFILTRATION OUTSIDE OF IRON CURTAIN COUNTRIES.” AUTHOR REFUSED TO HAVE NAME ON BOOK. COPIES DISTRIBUTED TO EVERY MEMBER OF CONGRESS WHO WOULD ACCEPT IT. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 49 GUATEMALA, 54 DOCUMENTS REMOVED FROM GUATEMALA IN JULY 54. PART OF CLEANUP OF STATE DEPT-CIA OP A COMMITTEE “SEIZED FILES OF ALL COMMUNIST-INFILTRATED ORGS AND LEADING FIGURES OF ARBENZ REGIME.” 50,000 DOCS MICROFILMED USED TO FORM BASIS OF BOOK, “COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA,” 1944-1954, BY RONALD M. SCHNEIDER – PUBLISHED BY FREDERICK A. PRAEGER SERIES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY AND WORLD COMMUNISM (1958), SUBSEQUENTLY REVEALED TO BE A CIA-SPONSORED PROJECT UNDER FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 375-76 N 2 GUATEMALA, 44-54 COLD-WAR SCHOLAR RONALD SCHNEIDER PUBLISHED IN 58 A SCHOLARLY ACCOUNT OF THE COMMUNIST TAKEOVER UNDER ARBENZ “COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA.” SCHNEIDER GIVEN ACCESS TO MORE THAN 50,000 INTERNAL DOCS. BOOK MADE NO MENTION OF U.S. ROLE IN OVERTHROW GVT. WHEN HE WROTE BOOK SCHNEIDER EMPLOYED BY THE U. OF PENNSYLVANIA’S RIGHT-WING COLD-WAR THINK TANK, THE FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FPRI). IT CLAIMED SCHNEIDER GOT DOCS THRU THE STATE DEPT, IT MORE LIKELY THAT HIS CONTACTS WERE THE CIA, WHICH WAS FUNDING THE FPRI. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 83-4 GUATEMALA, 52-55 UNITED FRUIT PAID CLEMENTS TO WRITE STUDY “REPORT ON GUATEMALA-1952” AND SENT IT TO MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. SOME OF ITS DEFAMATORY RESEARCH FOUND ITS WAY INTO STATE DEPARTMENTS’S WHITE PAPER ON GUATEMALA ISSUED IN 1954. IN 53 CLEMENTS PUT TOGETHER ANOTHER DOCUMENT, A SHRILL PROTEST AGAINST AMERICA’S REFUSAL TO REMOVE THE GUATEMALAN GVT CALLED “REPORT ON CENTRAL AMERICA 1954”. BOTH CLEMENT’S WORKS RCVD BY CIA WHICH TOOK CHARGE DISTRIBUTING TO GVT OFFICIALS AS CIA’S OWN. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 95 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER CIA-BACKED COUP CIA COUNTERINTEL OFFICERS SENT TO GUATEMALA TO GATHER COMMIE DOCUMENTS. GATHERED OVER 50,000 FILES WHICH LATER FORMED THE BASIS OF HISTORIAN RONALD SCHNEIDER’S BOOK “COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA,” PUBLISHED IN 59 AS “OFFICIAL” HISTORY OF THE GUATEMALAN COUP. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 220 GUATEMALA, 54 CARLOS MANUEL PELLECER, A LONG TIME COMMUNIST, AFTER CIA-BACKED COUP, BEGAN WRITING ANTI-COMMUNIST BOOKLETS UNDER CIA SPONSORSHIP. “BEST DEAL I EVER HAD,” SAID MEXICAN PRINTER. “THE CIA PAYS FOR THE PRINTING, AND THEN THEY BUY ALL COPIES.” SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 230 GUATEMALA, 54 DANIEL JAMES PUBLISHED A BOOK “RED DESIGN FOR THE AMERICAS” WHICH OFFERED A RATIONALE FOR OVERTHROWING ARBENZ GVT. CIA INDIRECTLY PLAYED ROLE IN PRODUCTION OF BOOK: JAMES PUBLISHER, JOHN DAY, WAS LATER UNMASKED AS A CONDUIT OF CIA. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 89 BOOK REVIEW GUATEMALA, 44-54 “SHATTERED HOPE: THE GUATEMALAN REVOLUTION AND THE UNITED STATES, 1944-54” BY PIERO GLEIJESES. REVIEWED BY SAM LANDAU. THE PROGRESSIVE 12/91 42-43 GUATEMALA, 68-88 TWO DECADES OF SLAUGHTER HAS RESULTED IN 100,000 POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS AND 40,000 DISAPPEARED. FROM 2 BOOKS “REFUGEES OF A HIDDEN WAR” BY MANZ; AND, “GUATEMALA: ETERNAL SPRING ETERNAL TYRANNY.” REVIEWED IN THE NATION 10/3/88 285-6 GUATEMALA, NICARAGUA, 80-91 ARTICLE “HOW KINZER CHANGED WITH TIMES,” ALSO REVIEWS BOOKS BY KINZER. BLOOD BROTHERS: LIFE AND WAR IN NICARAGUA. A NEW YORK TIMES CORRESPONDENT’S EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT; AND, “BITTER FRUIT: UNTOLD STORY OF THE AMERICAN COUP IN GUATEMALA.” KINZER SEES THE FLAWS OF THE SANDINISTAS AS JUSTIFICATION FOR THE UNJUSTIFIABLE CONTRA WAR. IN THESE TIMES 6/25/91 18,19 LATIN AMERICA, 00-91 “ONLY ONCE IN THIS CENTURY HAS U.S. ACTIVELY INTERVENED TO OVERTHROW A DEMOCRATIC, LEGALLY CONSTITUTED L.A. GVT. (GUATEMALA IN 54).” BOOK: SHATTERED HOPE THE GUATEMALAN REVOLUTION AND THE U.S., BY GLEIJESES. WP BOOKWORLD 6/23/91 8,9 BRIBERY GUATEMALA, 54 CIA ATTEMPTED BRIBE ARMY OFFICERS TO DEFECT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 139 BUDGET BETWEEN 81-86 , CASEY GOT 25 TO 35% ANNUAL BUDGET INCREASES FOR CIA. UNDER CASEY CIA INITIATED MORE THAN 50 MAJOR COVERT OPS ON EVERY CONTINENT. BY 84 THERE SOME 20 OPS IN AFRICA ALONE. AT PRESENT THERE MAJOR COVERT OPS IN NICARAGUA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, COSTA RICA, SURINAME, MEXICO, AFGHANISTAN, IRAN, ETHIOPIA, LIBYA, CHAD, LEBANON, SEYCHELLES, SOUTH AFRICA, MOZAMBIQUE, ANGOLA, ZAIRE, PHILIPPINES, VIETNAM, LAOS, AND OTHERS. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 87 28 GUATEMALA, 54 OVERTHROW OP HAD ITS OWN BUDGET AND COST BETWEEN 5 AND 7 MILLION. FT. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 226 GUATEMALA, SINCE 83 AIFLD OFFICIAL BUDGET 300,000. FIGURE DOES NOT INCLUDE TRAINING FUNDS AND AID, USIA MONEY. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 22 COMMUNIST THREAT GUATEMALA, 52 MEMO TO DDP FROM J. CLADWELL KING, SA/DD/P-LA. [THE COMMUNISTS ARE COMING]. WARNER, M. (ED.). (1994). CIA HISTORY STAFF. THE CIA UNDER HARRY TRUMAN 452-3 GUATEMALA, 54 IN 51 ARBENZ ELECTED. 2% PEOPLE OWNED 70% OF LAND. UNITED FRUIT EXPLOITED WORKFORCE. IN 3/53 CIA BACKED RIGHT WINGERS WITH MONEY AND ARMS, BUT UPRISING FAILED. 5/54 CIA USED CZECH SHIPMENT OF ARMS AS PRETEXT. PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN MOUNTED IN LATIN AMERICAN PRESS THAT ARBENZ A COMMUNIST. BLEDOWSKA, C., & BLOCH, J. (1987). KGB/CIA 56-7 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA PLANES PARACHUTED RUSSIAN-MADE ARMS TO MAKE THE CLAIM THAT THE SOVIETS WERE TRYING TO ESTABLISH A BEACHHEAD. COMMANDO RAIDS BY CIA OPERATIVES KNOCKED OUT RAILROAD LINES, A FEW SHIPS AND SOME TRAINS. THE NATION 10/28/78 P443 GUATEMALA, 54 COMMUNISM USED AS TOOL TO RALLY CENTRAL AMERICAN SUPPORT AND AS EXCUSE TO OVERTHROW NATIONALIST, ANTI-IMPERIALIST GVT OF ARBENZ. A.A. BERLE SENT OUTLINE PLAN FOR OVERTHROW OF GVT. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 230-234 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA STASHED MANY ARMS IN CANAL ZONE. OTHER CIA UNITS GATHERED SOVIET-MARKED WEAPONS TO PLANT INSIDE GUATEMALA JUST BEFORE INVASION TO REINFORCE AMERICAN CHARGES THAT RUSSIANS TRYING TO ESTABLISH A FOOTHOLD. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 115 GUATEMALA, 54 AMBASSADOR JOHN PUERIFOY TOLD “TIME” MAGAZINE REPORTER “PUBLIC OPINION” IN U.S. MIGHT FORCE ACTIONS TO PREVENT GUATEMALA FALLING INTO LAP INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM. PRES. EISENHOWER TALKED ABOUT EVIDENCE AGENTS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM BUT LITTLE EVIDENCE. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 102 GUATEMALA, CIRCA 50 USIA IN GUATEMALA ESTABLISHES ANTI-ARBENZ NEWS SERVICE WHICH DISTRIBUTED BLACK PROPAGANDA LABELLING GVT OFFICIALS AND LABOR LEADERS COMMUNISTS. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 20 GUATEMALA, 54 USIA AKA USIS MOBILIZED ALL RESOURCES SUPPORT OVERTHROW OP TRIED CONVINCE OAS THERE COMMUNIST THREAT. FLOODED CENTRAL AMER WITH PAMPHLETS, TAPE RECORDINGS, PLANTED STORIES NEWSPAPERS AND RADIO PROGRAMS ALL DESIGNED TO PROVE ARBENZ A COMMUNIST. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 227 GUATEMALA. ARMS SHIPMENT 54 FOSTER DULLES ANNOUNCED ARMS SHIPMENT RECV IN GUATEMALA FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND ALLEN DULLES SAID COMMUNISTS TRYING EST FOOTHOLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 216 GUATEMALA, COORDINATION, 54 USIA MOBILIZED ALL RESOURCES TO CONVINCE OAS THAT THERE GENUINE COMMUNIST THREAT GUATEMALA. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 227 IN OVERTHROWING GVTS CIA LABELS THEM LEFTISTS AS IN IRAN 53 ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA IN 54 CASTRO, PATRICE LUMUMBA AND ALLENDE OF CHILE. ALL CALLED COMMUNISTS AND CIA SOUGHT TO DRIVE THEM FROM POWER. IN EACH CASE, EXCEPT CUBA, CIA SUCCESSFUL. HALPERIN, M. H. ET AL. (1976). THE LAWLESS STATE 22,39-40, 41 LATIN AMERICA. AIFLD DREW 92% BUDGET OF 6 MILLION FROM AID AND STATE DEPT AND REPORTED RCV SIZEABLE FUNDS FROM CIA. MONEY USED TO TRAIN 300,000 AT ITS FRONT ROYAL SCHOOL IN VA. WHERE COURSES HEAVILY SPIKED WITH PRO-U.S. ANTI-COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA. AIFLD USED SUPPORT MILITARY COUPS IN GUATEMALA, BRAZIL, AND CHILE AND TERRORISM AND RACIAL VIOLENCE AGAINST JAGAN GVT GUYANA. LERNOUX, P. (1982). CRY OF THE PEOPLE 211 CONFLICT, LI EL SALVADOR, 83-84 TEXT OF AN NSC DOC “U.S. POLICY IN C.A. AND CUBA THROUGH F.Y.84, SUMMARY PAPER,” ON A MEETING OF THE NSC PLANNING GROUP 4/82. DOC CALLS FOR KEEPING THE NICARAGUAN GVT FROM “EXPORTING REVOLUTION,” AND TO STRENGTHEN PRO-U.S. ELEMENTS IN EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. IT APPROVES THE BEGINNING OF COVERT OPS IN GUATEMALA AGAINST ANTI-GVT FORCES AND AN EFFORT TO KEEP MEXICO “ISOLATED” FROM C.A. ISSUES. GROUP DISCUSSED MAKING CONCERTED EFFORT TO INCREASE FACTIONAL STRIFE AMONG GUERRILLA GROUPS AND THEIR POLITICAL ALLIES IN EL SALVADOR. PROPOSED STEPPING UP EFFORTS TO COOPT CONGRESSIONAL EFFORTS TO LINK APPROVAL OF AID TO PROMOTION OF TALKS BETWEEN WARRING SIDES IN C.A. NEW YORK TIMES 4/7/83 A1,16 GUATEMALA, 52-86 “GUATEMALA: THE POLITICS OF COUNTER INSURGENCY” BY TOM BERRY OF THE RESOURCE CENTER GUATEMALA, ISRAEL, 84 GUATEMALA PURCHASED 12,000 RIFLES FROM ISRAEL FOR ARMING THE CIVIL DEFENSE PATROLS. ISRAEL COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY USED TO UPGRADE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE POLICE AND MILITARY. TECHNOLOGY USED TO TRACK THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GUERRILLAS AND TO COORDINATE ALL OF GUATEMALA’S SECURITY FORCES. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 4/87 P34 LATIN AMERICA, 80-91 THOUSANDS EL SALVADOR SOLDIERS RCVD TRG AT SCHOOL OF THE AMERICAS (SOA) AT FORT BENNING IN COLUMBUS GA. IN BRAZIL, GUATEMALA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC TORTURE AND DEATH SQUADS FOLLOW CLOSELY U.S. INTERVENTION AND TRG. SOA MOVED TO BENNING FROM PANAMA IN 84. EST IN 46 TO TRAIN OFFICERS AND FOSTER ANTI-COMMUNISM, ITS GRADUATES RETURN AND OVERTHROW CONSTITUTIONAL GVTS AND SET UP REPRESSIVE REGIMES. RECORD OF ABUSES BY SALVADORANS. LIES OF OUR TIME 6/91 11 PUBLICATIONS: LIC: NEW BATTLEFIELD IN CENTRAL AMERICA (1986); AND, GUATEMALA: POLITICS OF COUNTERINSURGENCY (1986). RESOURCE CENTER CATALOG FALL 91 12 THAILAND, PHILIPPINES, 90-91 THAILAND’S POPULATION DATA BASE SYSTEM – LARGEST OF ITS KIND – HAS POTENTIAL FOR MISUSE. SYSTEM BEING CONSIDERED FOR USE BY PHILIPPINES AND INDONESIA. EVERY CITIZEN OVER 15 REQUIRED CARRY (IDENTITY) CARD BEARING COLOR PHOTO, NAME, ADDRESS, ETC. $50 MILLION COMPUTER SYSTEM AND SOPHISTICATED SOFTWARE TO UNABLE GVT CREATE DOSSIER QUICKLY. SOUTH AFRICA USED SIMILAR SYSTEM ONCE. ISRAEL USES WORK-PERMIT CARD. SINGAPORE MAY HAVE COMPUTER SYSTEM HAVE IN FUTURE. GUATEMALA PURCHASED COMPUTER SOFTWARE FROM ISRAEL IN 80s. TAIWAN CONSIDERING SYSTEM. TIME 6/24/91 62-3 ISRAEL, 77-85 AIDED ANTI-INSURGENCY WAR GUATEMALA; ADVISORS, SUPPLIES, COMPUTERS. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 90 VIETNAM, 70-72 VERY SUCCESSFUL OP AGAINST VC BY PRU ADVISERS. USING INTEL FROM POWS AND SMALL AND HIGHLY MOBILE PARAMILITARY REACTION UNIT, BACKED BY HELICOPTER GUNSHIPS. THIS CALLED A TACTICAL TASK FORCE (TTF). THE TTF RECOMMENDED FOR PACIFICATION IN EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. EMERSON, S. (1988). SECRET WARRIORS 126 CONSEQUENCES CENTRAL AMERICA, 81-82 THE RESULTS OF US POLICIES IN EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. THE NATION 1/22/83 COVER CENTRAL AMERICA, GUATEMALA, COSTA RICA, HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS AND NICARAGUA. EFFECT OF U.S. POLICIES ON THOSE COUNTRIES. CHOMSKY ARTICLE IN Z 11/90 15-26 COUP IN IRAN THAT EXPELLED MOSSADEGH BROUGHT BACK SHAH, WHOSE MISRULE PAVED WAY FOR KHOMEINI. 54 COUP THAT OVERTHREW GUATEMALA’S DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED GVT PRODUCED YEARS OF CRUEL DICTATORSHIP. PUTSCH THAT EXPELLED SUKARNO IN INDONESIA BROUGHT MURDER AND IMPRISONMENT OF HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS. EXAGGERATIONS OF USSR CAPABILITIES AND INTENTIONS BY VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF INTEL COMMUNITY FED AND SUSTAINED ARMS RACE. THE NATION 6/8/92 779 GRENADA, 92 ARTICLE NOTES ST GEORGE’S’S THE CAPITAL CITY OF 7,500 BOASTS 118 OFFSHORE BANKS – THE CASABLANCA OF THE CARIBBEAN, A FAST-GROWING HAVEN FOR MONEY-LAUNDERING, TAX EVASION AND ASSORTED FINANCIAL FRAUD. ANOTHER SUCCESS STORY OF AMERICAN INTERVENTION FROM IRAN TO GUATEMALA, FROM ZAIRE TO CHILE, FROM INDONESIA TO PANAMA, EVERY COUNTRY WHERE U.S. HAS SUCCESSFULLY SUCCEEDED TO CREATE CORRUPTION, FRAUD, AND EXPLOITATION. THE PROGRESSIVE 2/92 11 GUATEMALA, 53-73 20 YEARS AFTER OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ, AS A DIRECT RESULT OF UNITED FRUIT’S INVOLVEMENT, UF’S 70-YEAR TENURE IN GUATEMALA CAME TO AN END. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 62 GUATEMALA, 54-74 IN THE 20 YEARS AFTER THE 54 COUP, THE US PAID OUT $50 MILLION TO TRAIN THE MOST EFFICIENT MILITARY MACHINE IN C.A. AND FROM THE LATE 60S, THIS MACHINE REPRESSED ALL OPPOSITION WITH SAVAGERY. WALL STREET JOURNAL 2/24/83 GUATEMALA, 54-74 U.S. ATTEMPTS TO CONTAIN THE CLASS STRUGGLE AND TO MAINTAIN GUATEMALA AS A PRESERVE FOR U.S. INVESTORS AMBIGUOUS. AMID AN UNPRECEDENTED ECONOMIC BOOM FOR A TINY GROUP OF PRODUCERS AND EXPORTERS, CONDITIONS FOR THE VAST MAJORITY ARE STEADILY WORSENING. FOR ADD DETAILS SEE JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 120 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER CIA OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ GVT A LENGTHY REIGN OF TERROR FOLLOWED. 70% OF PEOPLE DISENFRANCHISED WHICH DENIED ILLITERATES THE RIGHT TO VOTE. LABOR AND UNION RIGHTS WERE REPEALED AND 800,000 ACRES LAND HANDED BACK TO UNITED FRUIT. BLEDOWSKA, C., & BLOCH, J. (1987). KGB/CIA 59 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER THE CIA-LED COUP, ARMAS, UNDER US PRESSURE BEGAN TO PERSECUTE HUNDREDS FOR VAGUE COMMUNIST CRIMES; HE RESCINDED THE AGRARIAN REFORM LAWS, HANDED BACK ALL OF UNITED FRUIT’S SEIZED LAND, AND ESTABLISHED A RUTHLESS AUTHORITARIAN REGIME. GUATEMALA’S FRAGILE DEMOCRACY WAS IRREPARABLY SHATTERED. SUCCESSIVE COUPS, FIXED ELECTIONS AND RIGHTIST REGIMES FOLLOWED. THE NATION 10/28/78 P444 GUATEMALA, 54 BRIEF ARTICLE ON ANNIVERSARY OF CIA-ORCHESTRATED COUP IN GUATEMALA. PHIL ROETINGER WRITES THAT HE WAS IN CIA AT TIME AND HELPED OVERTHROW THE GVT. CIA RECRUITED A TRAITOR WITHIN ARBENZ GVT WHO CONVINCED ARBENZ TO ABDICATE TO PREVENT LOSS OF LIFE – THIS TRAITOR LATER INSTALLED AS PRESIDENT AND STILL LATER WAS ASSASSINATED. GUATEMALA HAS BEEN RULED BY VICIOUS DICTATORS SINCE. UNCLASSIFIED 8/94 20 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA-SPONSORED TAKEOVER HAD IMMENSE LONG-RANGE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE US. THE NATION 10/28/78 P439 GUATEMALA, 60-90 HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS SAY AT LEAST 40,000 GUATEMALANS “DISAPPEARED” IN LAST 3 DECADES. MOST WERE POOR INDIANS. ANTHROPOLOGISTS, LED BY CLYDE SNOW, DUG AWAY AT A VILLAGE SITE. MARIA LOPEZ HAD A HUSBAND AND A SON IN ONE GRAVE. SHE SAID ON MORNING OF VALENTINE’S DAY 82, MEMBERS OF ANTI-GUERRILLA MILITIA TOOK HER HUSBAND AND OTHERS. THEY HAD REFUSED TO JOIN MILITIAS KNOWN AS CIVIL SELF-DEFENSE PATROLS AND WERE KILLED. SIX KNOWN CLANDESTINE GRAVES IN SAN JOSE PACHO. HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS BLAME MOST DISAPPEARANCES ON ARMY-RUN CIVIL SELF-DEFENSE PATROLS SET UP UNDER PRESIDENCIES OF GEN LUCAS GARCIA AND BRIG. GEN. RIOS MONTT. THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF CLANDESTINE GRAVES FILLED WITH VICTIMS OF THE MILITIAS, RIGHT-WING DEATH SQUADS AND BRUTAL COUNTERINSURGENCY CAMPAIGNS. WASHINGTON TIMES 8/5/92 A9 GUATEMALA, 66-88 U.S. MILITARY ADVISERS HELPED IN CI CAMPAIGN THAT VIRTUALLY WIPED OUT 8000 PEASANT LIVES IN 2 YEARS. ALLOWED THE POLICE TO DISMEMBER OPPOSITION NEWSPAPERS, THE UNIVERSITY AND POLITICAL ORGS. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P8 GUATEMALA, 70-72 UNDER ARANA PRESIDENCY, WITH MARIO SANDOVAL ALARCON AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN RIGHT-WING TERRORISM, ARANA UNLEASHED ONE OF THE MOST GRUESOME SLAUGHTERS IN RECENT LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY (ONLY IN CHILE, FOLLOWING THE COUP AGAINST ALLENDE WAS THE DEGREE OF VIOLENCE GREATER). THE NYT REPORTED IN JUNE 71 THAT AT LEAST 2000 GUATEMALANS WERE ASSASSINATED BETWEEN 11/70 AND 5/71; MOST CORPSES SHOWED SIGNS OF TORTURE. MOST OF KILLING ATTRIBUTED TO THE OFFICIALLY SUPPORTED TERRORIST ORGS OJO POR OJO (AN EYE FOR AN EYE) AND MANO BLANCA. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 202-3 GUATEMALA, 78-85 THE GUATEMALAN ARMY, BACKED BY THE U.S., HAS KILLED PERHAPS 100,000 UNARMED CIVILIANS SINCE 78. THE PROGRESSIVE 7/86 P6 GUATEMALA, 80-85 SEE ARTICLE IN NACLA “UNDER THE GUN,” ABOUT THE MILITARY’S DOMINATION OF GUATEMALA FOR THE LAST THREE DECADES. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 12/85 P10-23 GUATEMALA, 80-92 GUATEMALA HAS POLITICAL MODERNIZATION AND A RETURN TO CIVILIAN RULE. CHANGES SINCE 85 DRAMATIC. BUT FUTURE STILL LOOKS GRIM. HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES CONTINUE, UNADDRESSED ARE NATION’S DEEPEST STRUCTURAL WEAKNESSES: CONCENTRATION OF LAND AND WEALTH, NO COMMITMENT TO LONG TERM INVESTMENTS, MARGINALIZATION OF INDIAN AND RURAL POPULATION, AND UNRESPONSIVNESS OF STATE TO BASIC NEEDS OF CITIZENS. RESOURCE CENTER BULLETIN SUMMER (8) 92 8 PAGES GUATEMALA, 80-93 GUATEMALA HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION/USA REPORT “CONFRONTING THE HEART OF DARKNESS – AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TORTURE IN GUATEMALA.” JUNE 93 99 PAGES GUATEMALA, 86 ARBENZ’S GVT PERCEIVED AS THREAT TO US CORPORATE INTERESTS AND SEC OF STATE FOSTER DULLES AND HIS BROTHER DCI ALLEN, BOTH WITH LONG-STANDING LINKS TO UNITED FRUIT, OPENED BOTH A DIPLOMATIC AND COVERT OFFENSIVE AGAINST ARBENZ. AFTER THE GVT OVERTHROWN ALL REFORMS WERE DISMANTLED, AGRARIAN REFORM REVERSED, POPULAR ORGS WERE OUTLAWED, THEIR LEADERS KILLED OR EXILED, THE CONSTITUTION WAS ABROGATED. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P4 GUATEMALA, 89-90 GUATEMALAN RIGHTS PERFORMANCE DETERIORATES DESPITE PROMISES. PRESIDENT FAILS TO REIN IN VIOLATORS, SAID TO INCLUDE MILITARY. WASHINGTON POST 4/13/90 A20 GUATEMALA, 89 CLIMATE OF TERROR AGAIN GRIPS GUATEMALA; KILLERS, BOMBERS SAID TO TARGET CIVIL RULE. WASHINGTON POST 9/29/89 A45 GUATEMALA, 92 RIGHTS ABUSES IN GUATEMALA CONTINUE, PARAMILITARY CIVILIAN PATROLS – SELF DEFENSE PATROLS, ACCUSED OF CAMPAIGN OF TERROR, CONTROL RURAL AREAS. PATROLS ANSWER TO MILITARY. WASHINGTON POST 10/4/92 A35 LATIN AMERICA, 93 LATIN AMERICAN DEMOCRACIES ARE TRYING TO WARD OFF “FUJIMORI CIRCUS.” DETAILS SITUATIONS IN NICARAGUA, PERU, BRAZIL, VENEZUELA, GUATEMALA, COLUMBIA, CHILE, PANAMA, AND EL SALVADOR. U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT 8/23/93 38-9 CONTRAGATE 84-85 SECORD’S DESCRIPTION OF CONTRAGATE. FIRST SHIPMENTS TO CALERO FROM CHINA (PRC) WHICH OFFERED TERRIFIC PRICES ON HIGH-QUALITY GOODS. LATER GOT ARMS FROM POLAND AND USED FALSE END-USER CERTIFICATES FROM POLAND FOR SOUTH YEMEN, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS OR NIGERIA OR CHINA’S FAVORITE PLACE, SOMALIA. SECORD’S MARKUP OF 20 TO 30%. ENERGY RESOURCES, INC. CONTROLLED BY SECORD. DESCRIPTION OF SECORD’S “AIR FORCE.” MOST IMPORTANT ASSET ILOPANGO, EL SALVADOR. U.S. AMBASSADOR, U.S. MILITARY GROUP CHIEF AND LOCAL CIA CHIEF KNEW OF OP. GHORBANIFAR (GROSSEST, BALD-FACED LIAR) IN EARLY 70s WAS CONTRACT AGENT FOR SAVAK AND OWNED A FREIGHT-FORWARDING BUSINESS, STARLINE INTERNATIONAL – A KIND OF OCEANGOING AIR AMERICA. NIMRODI A MOSSAD FIELD AGENT AGAINST ARAB TARGETS IN EARLY YEARS OF ISRAELI STATE. AFTER 2/86 SECORD’S BUSINESSES BECOMING TOO WELL KNOWN, HAKIM CREATED NEW OPERATING COMPANIES: GULF MARKETING, INC. FOR MIDDLE EAST; DOLMY, INC. TO PROCURE A SHIP; AND HYDE PARK SQUARE, INC. AND UDALL RESEARCH CORPORATION FOR LATIN AMERICA. SECORD, R. (1992). HONORED AND BETRAYED: IRANGATE, COVERT AFFAIRS, AND THE SECRET WAR IN LAOS PASSIM ALAN FRIERS (CIA’S C/CATF) BRIEFED MCFARLANE ON POLITICAL ACTION PROGRAMS RE NICARAGUA. DISCUSSED QUID PRO QUO WITH GUATEMALA. USG 42-PAGE DOC AT NORTH’S TRIAL P19 CENTRAL AMERICA, 83-87 NORTH CREDITED CASEY FOR GIVING NAMES OF CENTRAL AMERICANS WOULD WOULD SUPPORT CONTRAS IN EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, COSTA RICA AND GUATEMALA – THEY ALL HAD WORKED FOR CIA BEFORE. DRAPER. T. (1991). A VERY THIN LINE 110 CENTRAL AMERICA, 86 U.S. OFFICIAL MET WITH PRES CEREZO OF GUATEMALA IN 86. CEREZO TOLD HIM GUATEMALA WOULD PURSUE U.S. GOALS IN C.A. INCLUDING SUPPORT FOR THE CONTRAS, BUT HE WANTED ADDITIONAL MILITARY AID FROM THE U.S. IN RETURN. (FROM 42 PAGE GVT DOC RELEASED FOR NORTH’S TRIAL). WASHINGTON POST 4/7/89 GUATEMALA, 85 GUATEMALA HAD PROVIDED $8 MILLION IN END-USER CERTIFICATES. USG 42-PAGE DOC AT NORTH’S TRIAL P24 IN 11/ 84 A CIA OFFICER REPORTED GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS HAD SUPPORTED CONTRAS. GUATEMALA GAVE AIRCRAFT. HONDURAS HAD PERMITTED CONTRAS OPERATE IN ITS BORDERS, HAD REPAIRED AIRCRAFT AT NO COST, HAD GIVEN FALSE END-USER CERTIFICATES. USG 42-PAGE DOC AT NORTH’S TRIAL 4/6/89 P16 NICARAGUA, 83-86 SECORD DEVELOPED CONTRA AIR FORCE OF HALF A DOZEN AGING PLANES FLOWN BY FORMER NATIONAL GUARD PILOTS. OLD C-7S AND C-123S. UF 256. PURCHASED SA-7 ANTI AIRCRAFT MISSILES FROM CHINA. FOR CHINA TO HAVE DENIABILITY, GUATEMALA ISSUED END-USER CERTIFICATES. NORTH, O. (1991). UNDER FIRE 258 NICARAGUA, 84-89 ADM THROUGHOUT PERIOD OF BOLAND AMENDMENT CONSTRAINTS WAS SEEKING MILITARY AID FOR CONTRAS FROM 10 COUNTRIES INCLUDING ISRAEL, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN, CHINA, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, AND PANAMA. WASHINGTON POST 4/9/89 A19 NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, 84-86 TESTIMONY OF RAFAEL QUINTERO, A CIA PROTEGE, WHO SAID HE GOT 228,000 TO ESTABLISH AN AIRSTRIP IN COSTA RICA FOR A SOUTHERN FRONT. HE ARRANGED ARMS SHIPMENTS THRU HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA. QUINTERO RECRUITED IN 84 BY SECORD. NORTH RAN MEETINGS. FINAL ARBITER OF SUPPLIES VIA EL SALVADOR WAS COL STEELE, HEAD US MILITARY ADVISER AND JOE FERNANDEZ COS COSTA RICA FOR SUPPLIES VIA COSTA RICA. WASHINGTON POST 3/3/89 A4 NICARAGUA, IRAN, 85-87 “SELF-SUSTAINING, OFF-THE-SHELF,” OP FOR CONTRAS. OPS COMMAND OF OP TRANSFERRED FROM CIA TO NSC THOUGH DCI CASEY, FIERS AND JOSEPH FERNANDEZ REMAINED HEAVILY INVOLVED. FORMER COVERT OPERATIVES “PRIVATE BENEFACTORS,” ENLISTED FOR DAY-TO-DAY OPS. BY 10/84 “ENTERPRISE” – A PSUEDO-PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATION ALREADY CONDUCTING COVERT OPS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. ENTERPRISE WAS SECRET ARM OF NSC STAFF. THIRD COUNTRY FUNDING. IN 83 CIA/PENTAGON OP TIPPED KETTLE, ISRAELIS GAVE PENTAGON $10 MILLION IN ARMS TAKEN FROM PLO. SOUTH AFRICA CASE AND DUANE CLARRIDGE. SAUDI ARABIA WAS PAY DIRT. SAUDI PROVIDING ILLICIT FUNDING FOR WAR IN AFGHANISTAN WAS ALSO A KEY CONTRA DONOR AND GAVE 32 MILLION. NORTH AND 2 MILLION LOAN FROM TAIWAN.. REAGAN ADM ALSO APPROACHED CHINA, SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, BRUNEI, CHILE, VENEZUELA, GUATEMALA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, PANAMA AND ENGLAND FOR SUPPORT. QUID PRO QUO ARRANGEMENTS. BUSH PARTICIPATED. BRUNEI PROJECT. NORIEGA INITIATIVE. KORNBLUH P. & BYRNE, M. (1993). THE IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL: THE DECLASSIFIED HISTORY 59-65 ON 6/25/ 84 THE NSC PLANNING GROUP (NSPG) INCLUDING REAGAN, BUSH, SHULTZ, WEINBERGER, DCI CASEY, KIRKPATRICK, VESSEY, ADM MOREAU, MEESE, MCFARLANE, POINDEXTER (AMONG OTHERS) CONSIDERED QUID PRO QUO ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONTRAS WITH EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, AND HONDURAS. IN FALL 84 CIA STATIONS REPORTED OFFERS BY CHINA (PRC) TO AID CONTRAS. IN MID 84 MEET BETWEEN DCI CASEY, DDCI MCMAHON, AND D SEC SATE DAM, CASEY SUGGESTED MOVING ON NON-USG FUNDING FOR CONTRAS. IN 84/85 USG LEARNED TAIWAN ASKED BY CALERO TO AID CONTRAS, TAIWAN REFUSED. NORTH AND SIGUR OF NSC MET WITH REPS OF PRC. NORTH ASKED WEBSTER OF FBI NOT TO MAKE DISTRIBUTION THIS INFO. VESSEY CHAIRMAN OF JCS ASKED PRC PROVIDE ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILES TO CONTRAS. SECORD CONSUMMATED THIS TRANSACTION AND ARRANGED SHIPMENT THRU GUATEMALA. CIA REPORTED DETAILS OF TRANSACTION TO MCFARLANE. NORTH TOLD MCFARLANE THAT SINGLAUB ASKED S. KOREAN AMBASSADOR AND REP OF TAIWAN TO AID CONTRAS. IN DEC/JAN 84/ 85 NORTH SENT MEMO TO REAGAN VIA MCFARLANE TO THANK EUROPEAN COUNTRY RE INFO E SUPPLIES FOR CONTRAS. NSC OFFICIAL COX TO CARRY A LETTER OF THANKS TO A SENIOR EUROPEAN GVT OFFICIAL. IN 2/85 SINGLAUB ME S. KOREAN OFFICIALS TO DISCUSS GIVING MONEY TO CONTRAS AND TO INTERDICT SHIPMENT OF ARMS TO SANDINISTAS. SINGLAUB SAID GEN STILWELL OF DOD KNEW OF MEET. 42-PAGE GVT DOC RELEASED AT NORTH’S TRIAL 4/6/89 P6,7 COORDINATION GUATEMALA, 53-54 THE OVERTHROW OF THE GUATEMALAN GVT WAS CONCEIVED AND RUN BY THE GVT WITH UNITED FRUIT AND UNDER THE OVERALL DIRECTION OF SEC STATE J.F. DULLES BACKED BY EISENHOWER. NA 10/28/78 COVER AND 439-44 GUATEMALA, 54 IN OVERTHROW EISENHOWER ENLISTED ALL AMBASSADORS IN THE AREA, GAVE A ROLE TO USIS, AS WELL AS THE US ARMY AND NAVY AND THE CIA. HE ASKED EVERY DICTATOR IN THE AREA; I.E., TRUJILLO, BATISTA, SOMOZA, JIMENEZ, AND OTHERS IN HONDURAS AND EL SALVADOR TO JOIN A REGION-WIDE SEIGE. THE NATION 10/28/78 P44O GUATEMALA, 54 CIA AND USIA COOPERATED IN MEDIA BLITZ PRIOR TO COUP SEE “MEDIA OPS GUATEMALA 54.” SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 167 GUATEMALA, 54 USIA PROPAGANDISTS WROTE MORE THAN 200 ARTICLES ABOUT GUATEMALA BASED ON INFO FROM CIA SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTED THEM FOR ANONYMOUS PLACEMENT IN SCORES OF LATIN NEWSPAPERS. USIA SHIPPED MORE THAN 100,000 COPIES PAMPHLET CALLED “CHRONOLOGY OF COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA” 27,000 COPIES OF ANTI-COMMUNISM CARTOONS AND POSTERS WERE DISTRIBUTED. USIA PRODUCED 3 MOVIES ON GUATEMALA. VARIOUS OTHER PRESS OPS DESCRIBED SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 167 GUATEMALA. USIA AKA USIS 54 MOBILIZED ALL RESOURCES SUPPORT OVERTHROW OP. TRIED CONVINCE OAS THERE COMMUNIST THREAT. FLOODED CENTRAL AMER WITH PAMPHLETS, TAPE RECORDINGS, PLANTED STORIES NEWSPAPERS AND RADIO PROGRAMS ALL DESIGNED PROVE ARBENZ A COMMUNIST. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 227 CORPORATE INTERESTS 53-61 DULLES’S MARK AS DCI CAN BE SEEN IN NUMBER OF OPS, BOTH SUCCESSFUL – IRAN 53; COSTA RICA, 53; GUATEMALA, 54 – AND UNSUCCESSFUL – INDONESIA 58; TIBET 58; CUBA 60-61. EACH OP FOLLOWED FAMILIAR PATTERN – REMOVAL OR ATTEMPTED REMOVAL OF A GVT DEEMED INIMICAL TO U.S. INTERESTS AND ITS REPLACEMENT BY ONE THAT MORE FRIENDLY. LOWENTHAL, M. (1992). THE WASHINGTON PAPERS. U.S.INTELLIGENCE EVOLUTION AND ANATOMY 26 ACTION IN CHILE, CUBA, GUATEMALA, AND IRAN BASED ON THREAT OF NATIONALIZATION SUBSIDIARIES OF MULTINATIONAL CORPS. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 316 CENTRAL AMERICA, 48-53 COMPANY PUBLISHED 4 NEWSPAPERS FOR UNITED FRUIT WORKERS IN HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, AND PANAMA. UNITED FRUIT ALSO SUPPORTED FOR MANY YEARS A PUBLICATION NAMED “LATIN AMERICA REPORT,” PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM GAUDET – WHO A POSSIBLE AGENT FOR CIA AND WHO USED PUBLICATION AS A CREDIBLE COVER FOR NUMEROUS COVERT MISSIONS. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 48 CENTRAL AMERICA, 50-60 SEE “MASTERMINDING THE MINI-MARKET U.S. AID TO THE CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET.” GUA 86-103; “THE HARD LINE U.S. STRATEGY FOR THE 1970’S.” GUA 104-120; “EXTRACTING THE SURPLUS;” 121-131; “THE U.S. INVESTMENT BUBBLE IN GUATEMALA,” GUA 132-142; AND, “THE LARGEST U.S. CORPORATIONS IN GUATEMALA.” JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 167-174 FROM 53-77 THERE A LINK BETWEEN CIA AND THE FIRM OF SCHRODERS, LTD, AN INVESTMENT BANK THAT HANDLED CIA FUNDS FOR COVERT OPS. BANK’S INTERESTS OVERLAPPED WITH THOSE OF MANY-CIA INITIATED ACTIONS INCLUDING THE COUP IN IRAN IN 53 THE 54 COUP IN GUATEMALA, AND THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION. NEW TIMES 11/27/78 P24-5 GUATEMALA, 51-54 BERNAYS OF UNITED FRUIT DEVELOPED STRATEGY RE GUATEMALA TO SELECT MOST INFLUENTIAL MEMBERS MEDIA, THE TIMES, SEVERAL OTHER PAPERS, TWO OR THREE MAJOR NEWS MAGAZINES, WIRE SERVICES AND ELECTRONIC NETWORKS – FOLLOWED BY A HIGH – LEVEL SATURATION CAMPAIGN TO EXPOSE MEDIA’S REPORTERS TO COMPANY’S VERSION OF FACTS. CAMPAIGN INCLUDED GUIDED TOURS WITH UP TO 10 NEWSMEN PER JUNKET AT COMPANY EXPENSE. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 47 GUATEMALA, 51-54 BERNAYS WITH UNITED FRUIT BROUGHT GUATEMALA TO ATTENTION OF NEW YORK TIMES PUBLISHER SULZBURGER WHO MADE AN INSPECTION TRIP TO COUNTRY – WHILE ON TRIP A “COMMUNIST RIOT” TOOK PLACE. A PR COUP FOR BERNAYS. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 46 GUATEMALA, 52-54 DULLES BROTHERS ATTUNED TO AFFAIRS IN GUATEMALA DUE TO INVOLVEMENT OF J. HENRY SCHRODER BANKING CORP IN DEVELOPMENT OF AREA. EARLIER ACTION IN 36 WHEN ALLEN DULLES WAS GENERAL COUNSEL AND BOARD MEMBER. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 336 GUATEMALA, 52-54 IN 52-53 SPRUILE BRADEN, FORMER ASST SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS AND A CONSULTANT FOR UNITED FRUIT, LED A CFR STUDY GROUP ON LATIN AMERICA. IN 10/17/52 ADOLF BERLE RECORDED IN HIS DIARY THAT THE U.S. SHOULD WELCOME THE OVERTHROW OF THE ARBENZ GVT. THE CFR AGREED THE GVT WAS COMMUNIST. I AM WORKING WITH NELSON ROCKEFELLER…WHO CAN WORK WITH GENERAL EISENHOWER. SHOUP, L. & MINTER, W. (1977). IMPERIAL BRAIN TRUST 196 GUATEMALA, 52-54 JOHN MOORS CABOT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS SET THE STAGE FOR JOHN FOSTER DULLES’ RESOLUTION AT THE CARACAS CONFERENCE AIMED AT GUATEMALA. IN 12/53 A REPORT BY THE NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION’S COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY, WAS HEAD BY FRANK ALTSCHUL, SECRETARY OF THE CFR. OF 12 PEOPLE INVOLVED IN DECISION ON GUATEMALAN INTERVENTION, 8 WERE MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS AT THE TIME OR JOINED THEREAFTER. OTHER THAN THOSE MENTIONED THESE INCLUDE HENRY HOLLAND, WALTER BEDELL SMITH, AND HENRY CABOT LODGE. SHOUP, L. & MINTER, W. (1977). IMPERIAL BRAIN TRUST 197-8 GUATEMALA, 53-54 ARBENZ BEGAN A HYDROELECTRIC PLAN TO OFFSET HEGEMONY OF THE AMERICAN AND FOREIGN POWER COMPANY, A FOSTER DULLES CLIENT SINCE THE TWENTIES. ZEMURRAY AT UNITED FRUIT BANKROLLED PUBLIC RELATIONS BARRAGE USING EDWARD BERNAYS TO WHIP UP MEDIA PERSONNEL SUCH AS SELECTED DELEGATIONS OF NEW YORK TIMES AND HERALD TRIBUNE. MASSACHUSETTS POLITICIANS FROM HENRY CABOT LODGE TO JOHN MCCORMACK ACTED IN CONGRESS. TOMMY THE CORK CORCORAN LOBBIED FOR ACTION. OTHER ZEMURRAY ACTIONS. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 338 GUATEMALA, 53-54 ARBENZ GVT BEGAN LEGAL EXPROPRIATION OF 178,000 ACRES OF UNITED FRUIT COMPANY LAND. UF ASKED FOR 16 MILLION, ARBENZ OFFERED A 24-YEAR BOND VALUED AT $525,000. VALUE LOW AS IT BASED ON VALUE COMPANY HAD PLACED ON PROPERTY FOR TAX PURPOSES. UF DISTRIBUTED SEVERAL HUNDRED COPIES OF BOOK, REPORT ON NICARAGUA, THAT BEGAN: “A MOSCOW-DIRECTED COMMUNIST CONSPIRACY IN CENTRAL AMERICA IS ONE OF SOVIET UNION’S MOST SUCCESSFUL OPERATIONS OF INFILTRATION OUTSIDE OF IRON CURTAIN COUNTRIES.” AUTHOR REFUSED TO HAVE NAME ON BOOK. COPIES DISTRIBUTED TO EVERY MEMBER OF CONGRESS WHO WOULD ACCEPT IT. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 49 GUATEMALA, 53-54 THRU UF’S POWERFUL FRIENDS IN GVT, STATE DEPT ISSUED A TOUGH AIDE-MEMOIRE TO ARBENZ WHICH ASSERTED U.S. POSITION ON PRIVATE PROPERTY AND CALLED FOR RETURN OF THE LAND. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 59 GUATEMALA, 53-54 TIES OF THE COUNCIL OF FOREIGN RELATIONS (CFR) TO INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA STAND OUT AS WELL IN A TRIANGULAR RELATIONSHIP OF INTERLOCKS AMONG GVT OFFICIALS INVOLVED, THE CFR, AND UNITED FRUIT COMPANY. FUENTES, A FUTURE PRESIDENT RECORDED THAT HIS COOPERATION WAS SOUGHT BY WALTER TURNBULL, A FORMER EXECUTIVE OF UNITED FRUIT, WHO CAME ACCOMPANIED BY TWO CIA AGENTS. JOHN DULLES, WHILE AT SULLIVAN AND CROMWELL, HAD REPRESENTED UNITED FRUIT IN NEGOTIATIONS WITH GUATEMALA SOME YEARS BEFORE. JOHN CABOT’S BROTHER WAS A DIRECTOR AND FORMER PRESIDENT OF UNITED FRUIT. SPRUILE BRADEN SERVED AS A UNITED FRUIT CONSULTANT. FORMER CIA DIRECTOR, BEDELL SMITH, AFTER LEAVING GVT, BECAME A DIRECTOR OF UNITED FRUIT, AS DID ROBERT HILL, A PARTICIPANT IN THE OP AS AMBASSADOR TO COSTA RICA. CFR’S LINKS TO UNITED FRUIT SUBSTANTIAL. WHITNEY SHEPARDSON, ONE OF CFR’S MAIN LEADERS, WAS AN OFFICER OF INTERNATIONAL RAILWAYS OF CENTRAL AMERICA, AN AFFILIATE OF UNITED FRUIT. OTHERS NAMED. DOMHOFF, W. (1971). HIGHER CIRCLES: THE GOVERNING CLASS IN AMERICA 198-9 GUATEMALA, 53-54 UNITED FRUIT’S PUBLICITY AND ADVERTISING DEPT HAD ONE TASK – TO GET WORD OUT THAT A COMMUNIST BEACHHEAD HAD BEEN ESTABLISHED IN OUR HEMISPHERE. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 45 GUATEMALA, 53-60 UNITED FRUIT ARRANGED TOURS FOR PRESS WITHIN HOURS OF EXPROPRIATION OF UF LAND. TOURS INCLUDED REPS OF TIME-LIFE, SEVERAL LARGE DAILIES, NEWSWEEK AND THE WIRE SERVICES. AN AVALANCHE OF PUBLICITY FAVORING UF FOLLOWED AFTER TRIP. UF DISTRIBUTED A CONFIDENTIAL GUATEMALAN NEWSLETTER EACH WEEK TO A LIST OF 250 AMERICAN JOURNALISTS. NEWSLETTER LATER BROADENED TO INCLUDE HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, AND PANAMA WHICH MEANT THAT FROM 53-60 A GREAT DEAL OF NEWS OF CENTRAL AMERICA IN NORTH AMERICAN PRESS WAS SUPPLIED, EDITED AND SOMETIMES MADE BY UF’S PR DEPT. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 59 GUATEMALA, 53-63 INFLUENTIAL PERSONS FRIENDLY TO OR EMPLOYED BY UNITED FRUIT INCLUDED SENATOR ROBERT LA FOLLETTE FROM WISCONSIN, FORMER MASS GOVERNOR CHRISTIAN HERTER, LATER SECRETARY OF STATE UNDER EISENHOWER; FOSTER DULLES, GENERAL ROBERT CUTLER, WHO HEADED THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL FOR A TIME. JOHN J. MCCLOY, BECAME A DIRECTOR OF COMPANY, ROBERT C. HILL, FORMER AMBASSADOR TO MEXICO, COSTA RICA AND SALVADOR WHO BECAME A DIRECTOR OF THE COMPANY. CHARLES MEYER ON BOARD OF UNITED FRUIT IN LATE FIFTIES. HE LATER NAMED BY NIXON AS ASST. SECRETARY STATE FOR LATIN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. JOHN MCCLINTOCK WAS UNITED FRUIT’S DIRECTOR OF PR. SENATOR ALEXANDER WILEY, REPUBLICAN FROM WISCONSIN, WAS ON SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE DURING GUATEMALAN EPISODE. WILEY A LEADING CRITIC OF ARBENZ REGIME, DENOUNCED COMMUNISTS ON SENATE FLOOR. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 55-57 GUATEMALA, 53 CIA WITH UNITED FRUIT ARMED SOME RIGHT WING ARMY OFFICERS. OCCUPIED A TOWN BUT QUICKLY OVERCOME BY GVT FORCES. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 103, 120 GUATEMALA, 54 ARBENZ A THREAT TO UNITED FRUIT. IS 217. LAWYER WHO REPRESENTED SULLIVAN AND CROMWELL FOR UNITED FRUIT IN GUATEMALA WAS FOSTER DULLES. IS 218 LIST OF MBRS EISENHOWER ADM WHO SUPPORTED UNITED FRUIT IN GUATEMALA. IS 223 LOBBYIST FOR UNITED FRUIT INSTRUMENTAL IN DECISION TO OVERTHROW ARBENZ. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 224 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA OFFICIALS TRAVELED WITH UNITED BRANDS EXECUTIVES LOOKING FOR SUITABLE REPLACEMENT FOR ARBENZ. THEY APPROACHED YDIGORAS WHO SAID OFFICIAL OF UNITED FRUIT WITH TWO CIA OFFICERS. CONDITIONS WERE TO FAVOR UNITED FRUIT AND INTERNATIONAL RAILWAYS OF CENTRAL AMERICA (OWNED BY UF) TO DESTROY THE RAILROAD WORKERS LABOR UNION, ETC. KWITNY, J. (1984). ENDLESS ENEMIES 225 GUATEMALA, 54 LAW FIRM SULLIVAN AND CROMWELL REPRESENTED UNITED FRUIT. (BOTH DULLESS’S FROM SULLIVAN AND CROMWELL). IN EARLIER PLAN CIA PASSED ARMS TO UNITED FRUIT. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 99-101 GUATEMALA 54 PERSONAL INTEREST OF EISENHOWER ADMIN OFFICIALS IN GUATEMALAN COUP BECAUSE OF CORPORATE TRIES. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 106-7 GUATEMALA, 54 U.S. COMPANIES MOVED BACK INTO GUATEMALA RIGHT AWAY. ARMAS INTRODUCED INVESTMENT GUARANTEES AND UNITED FRUIT GOT BACK ITS PROPERTY. RANELAGH, J. (1986). THE AGENCY 269 GUATEMALA 54 UNITED FRUIT AND CIA PLAN CALLED OPERATION FORTUNE. TO SMUGGLE ARMS ON UNITED FRUIT BOATS TO ARBENZ OPPONENTS. STATE DEPT. BLOCKED ATTEMPT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 92-93 GUATEMALA, 54 UNITED FRUIT OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ A GODSEND IT GOT BACK ITS LAND, LABOR REFORM REPEALED, WAGES CUT. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 233 GUATEMALA, 54 UNITED FRUIT PROVIDED CIA ITS GUATEMALAN RAILROAD SYSTEM TO SMUGGLE ARMS, ITS ATLANTIC PORT TO LAND EQUIPMENT, ITS TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE AND RADIO TO RELAY MESSAGES; ITS GUATEMALAN PROPERTIES TO GIVE COVER TO REBELS ETC. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 171 GUATEMALA, 54 ADM-UNITED FRUIT CONNECTIONS STARTLING. IN ADDITION TO ALLEN AND JOHN FOSTER DULLES, WHO HAD WORKED DIRECTLY FOR COMPANY, JOHN MOORS CABOT WAS BROTHER OF THOMAS DUDLEY CABOT, FORMER PRESIDENT OF U.F. SPUILLE BRADEN, WHOSE FAMILY OWNED BRADEN COPPER MINES IN CHILE, WORKED FOR U.F. ON GUATEMALAN PROJECT. AS PRESIDENT OF WORLD BANK JOHN J. MCCLOY REFUSED ARBENZ LOANS – LATER BECAME DIRECTOR OF U.F., AS DID WALTER BEDELL SMITH. OTHER IN EISENHOWER ADM LINKED WITH BUSINESS INTERESTS IN GUATEMALA. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 228-9 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER CIA OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ GVT A LENGTHY REIGN OF TERROR FOLLOWED. 70% OF PEOPLE DISENFRANCHISED WHICH DENIED ILLITERATES THE RIGHT TO VOTE. LABOR AND UNION RIGHTS WERE REPEALED AND 800,000 ACRES LAND HANDED BACK TO UNITED FRUIT. BLEDOWSKA, C., & BLOCH, J. (1987). KGB/CIA 59 GUATEMALA, 54 ARBENZ’S GVT PERCEIVED AS THREAT TO US CORPORATE INTERESTS AND SEC OF STATE FOSTER DULLES AND HIS BROTHER DCI ALLEN, BOTH WITH LONG-STANDING LINKS TO UNITED FRUIT, OPENED BOTH A DIPLOMATIC AND COVERT OFFENSIVE AGAINST ARBENZ. AFTER THE GVT OVERTHROWN ALL REFORMS WERE DISMANTLED, AGRARIAN REFORM REVERSED, POPULAR ORGS WERE OUTLAWED, THEIR LEADERS KILLED OR EXILED, THE CONSTITUTION WAS ABROGATED. NACLA 2/83 P4. BY 79 193 US COMPANIES INVESTED IN THE COUNTRY WITH 52 OF THEM IN AGRIBUSINESS. NACLA 2/83 P12. MANY US INVESTORS TOOK PART IN THE 54 INVASION AS PILOTS AND PLANNERS AND STAYED IN GUATEMALA CONSIDERING THEMSELVES PART OF THE LOCAL RULING CLASS. BANK OF AMERICA ROLE IMPT. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P23-4 GUATEMALA, 54 UNITED FRUIT EXECUTIVES ARROGANT AND DISHONEST. UFC A CLIENT OF SULLIVAN AND CROMWELL, THE DULLES BROTHERS LAW FIRM. COPELAND, M. (1989). THE GAME PLAYER 193 GUATEMALA, 86-90 THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) IS MEDDLING IN GUATEMALA. NED PROVIDED 200,000 IN GRANTS TO CHICAGO-BASED ROOSEVELT CENTER FOR AMERICAN POLICY STUDIES, WHICH IN TURN UNDERWRITES THE GUATEMALAN ASIES, THE RESEARCH AND SOCIAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION. ASIES HAS NATIONWIDE CIVIC EDUCATION PROGRAM. SPONSORED SEMINARS IN 86. NED ALSO GIVES MONEY TO ORGS THAT SERVE U.S. BUSINESS; I.E., THE CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES OR CEDEP EITHER DIRECTLY OR THRU 2 U.S.-BASED GROUPS, CARIBBEAN CENTRAL AMERICAN ACTION AND DELPHI INTERNATIONAL TO PROMOTE U.S. INVESTMENTS. NED INTERVENES IN LABOR. THE PROGRESSIVE 2/90 33 IRAN, GUATEMALA, 53-54 POLICY ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC INTERESTS BUT U.S. OFFICIALS BELIEVED STRATEGIC INTERESTS AT STAKE. TREVERTON, G. (1987). COVERT ACTION 79 COUNTERINSURGENCY CUBA, 54-61 CIA AS IN GUATEMALA RELIED ON RADIO INTERFERENCE WITH CASTRO’S MICROWAVE INTERNAL-COMMO NET TO FORCE MILITARY UNITS INTO OPEN VOICE CONVERSATIONS WHICH CIA COULD OVERHEAR. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 98 EL SALVADOR. IN MID 83 EL SALVADOR ADOPTED NATIONAL CAMPAIGN PLAN FORMULATED BY SPECIAL FORCES. VIRTUALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM VNESE AND GUATEMALAN PREDECESSORS. COUNTRY DIVIDED IN FIVE MILITARY ZONES, USES HUNTER KILLER PLATOONS, CIVIC ACTION, ETC. WHITE, R.A. (1984). THE MORASS 159-162 GUATEMALA, 61 TO PREVENT OVERTHROW OF YDIGORAS KENNEDY APPROVED PACIFICATION PLAN INCLUDING CIVIC ACTION PROGRAM SUCH AS DIGGING WELLS, BUILDING CLINICS AND INCREASE IN MILITARY ASSISTANCE. SPECIAL FORCES, ALL TRG IN LAOS EST CI BASE. WITH HELP OF AMERICANS YDIGORAS CRUSHED REVOLT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 242 GUATEMALA, 63 GREEN BERETS ASSISTED IN MASSIVE CI CAMPAIGN THAT INCLUDED ASSASSINATIONS, DEATH SQUADS, INTERROGATIONS, ETC. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 245-48 GUATEMALA. CIVIL DEFENSE CORPS. WHITE, R.A. (1984). THE MORASS 108-113 GUATEMALA. STRATEGIC HAMLETS. WHITE, R.A. (1984). THE MORASS 113-123 GUATEMALA, 62-67 IN 66 THE U.S. ESTABLISHED A MASSIVE CI PROGRAM WITH A BASE IN IZABAL STAFFED BY SPECIAL FORCES. MODEL TAKEN FROM VIETNAM. IN 66 GREEN BERETS ASSIGNED TO COUNTRY. APPROX 1,000 WITH SOME PUERTO RICAN AND CUBAN EXILES WITH EXPERIENCE IN VN. U.S. MILITARY USED NAPALM ON VILLAGES, “FREE BOMBING ZONES,” SPECIALIZED FORMS OF TORTURE, CIVILIAN TERRORIST GROUPS, PLUS EXTENSIVE PSYWAR OPS. “PILOT PLAN” IN IZABAL AND ZACAPA. AID CONDUCTED “SOCIAL WORKS” — SMALL NONSTRUCTURAL CHANGES INCLUDING HEALTH, LITERACY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, SCHOOL LUNCHES, WELLS, ACCESS ROADS, COOPERATIVES, LEADERSHIP TRG., TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO PEASANTS AND THE STRENGTHENING OF LOCAL GVT. MILITARY ASSUMED CIVILIAN POSITIONS. CIVIC ACTION BOTH MILITARY AND CIVILIAN BECAME MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENT. POLICE PROGRAM SPENT 6 MILLION SINCE 57 LAUNCHED MODEL PRECINCT PROGRAMS. SET UP CRIME LABS AND COMMO CENTER, CONSTRUCTION OF $400,000 POLICE ACADEMY. POLICE SENT FOR TRG IN RIOT CONTROL, FIREARMS, FINGERPRINTING, ETC. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 3/74 GUATEMALA, 66-88 US MILITARY ADVISERS HELPED IN CI CAMPAIGN THAT VIRTUALLY WIPED OUT 8000 PEASANT LIVES IN 2 YEARS. ALLOWED THE POLICE TO DISMEMBER OPPOSITION NEWSPAPERS, THE UNIVERSITY AND POLITICAL ORGS. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P8 GUATEMALA, SPECIAL FORCES. REVOLUTION IN 66 BROUGHT FULL-SCALE COUNTERINSURGENCY TO. ARMS, ADVISORS AND GREEN BERETS. STATE DEPT STUDY SAID: “TO ELIMINATE FEW HUNDRED GUERRILLAS, THE GVT KILLED PERHAPS 10,000 PEASANTS.” KWITNY, J. (1984). ENDLESS ENEMIES 233 ISRAEL RANKS AS FIFTH LARGEST EXPORTER OF ARMS IN WORLD, ACCORDING CIA ESTIMATES, AND HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL ELEMENT GLOBAL CI BUSINESS. “HIT LISTS” USED BY DEATH SQUADS IN GUATEMALA HAVE BEEN COMPUTERIZED WITH ISRAELI ASSISTANCE AND UZI MACHINE GUNS THE STANDARD WEAPON OF DEATH SQUADS. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 88 5 COVER CENTRAL AMERICA, 48-53 COMPANY PUBLISHED 4 NEWSPAPERS FOR UNITED FRUIT WORKERS IN HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, AND PANAMA. UNITED FRUIT ALSO SUPPORTED FOR MANY YEARS A PUBLICATION NAMED “LATIN AMERICA REPORT,” PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM GAUDET – WHO A POSSIBLE AGENT FOR CIA AND WHO USED PUBLICATION AS A CREDIBLE COVER FOR NUMEROUS COVERT MISSIONS. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 48 GUATEMALA, 61 BASE TRAX, CIA BASE FOR TRAINING CUBAN EXILES IN GUATEMALA IN 1960-61, WAS DISMANTLED TWO WEEKS AFTER BAY OF PIGS OP. RECORDS WERE BURIED AND GUAT. SOLDIERS CARRIED AWAY ALL EVIDENCE OF CAMP’S EXISTENCE. HAYNES, J. (1964). THE BAY OF PIGS: THE LEADER’S STORY OF BRIGADE 2506 350,351 COVERT A 50-74 DETAILS OF NEO-FASCIST AND NEO-NAZI TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS, ALL OVER THE WORLD, CREATED AND FUNDED BY VATICAN AND CIA, BEGAN TO COME TO LIGHT IN LATE 74. IN LISBON A COMMANDO UNIT OF PORTUGUESE MARINES BROKE INTO OFFICES OF AGINTER-PRESS AND DISCOVERED ARCHIVES OF WHOLE VAST APPARAT, GIVING DETAILS OF COUPS IN GREECE, ARGENTINA, CHILE, GUATEMALA, AND OF THREE ATTEMPTED COUPS IN ITALY, ALL ORCHESTRATED BY THE VATICAN, NATO, NIXON AND CIA. LIAISON BETWEEN ITALIANS AND AGINTER-PRESS HAD BEEN STEFANI DELLE CHIAIE, WHOSE LINKS TO GELLI’S P2 WOULD SOON SURFACE, REVEALING THE ENTIRE QUILTWORK OF THE CONSPIRACY. TOMPKINS, P. (UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT). STRATEGY OF TERROR 23-15 53-93 ARTICLE BY RICHARD FALK, “INTERVENTION REVISITED: HARD CHOICES AND TRAGIC DILEMMAS.” “INTERVENTION IS NEVER GOOD POLICY, NO MATTER HOW APPEALING THE HUMANITARIAN CASE FOR IT.” CIA COVERT OPS QUALIFY AS INTERVENTIONS BECAUSE THEY INVOLVE USE OF INDIGENOUS MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY FORCES AS AGENTS OF U.S. POLICY. CIA DID “SUCCEED” IN A NUMBER OF CASES SUCH AS IRAN (53) AND GUATEMALA (54), WHERE IT DISPLACED DEMOCRATIC AND PROGRESSIVE GVTS AND RESTORED REACTIONARY AND REPRESSIVE ELITES. BASIC OBJECTION TO COVERT INTERVENTION IS ITS INHERENTLY ANTIDEMOCRATIC CHARACTER AT BOTH ENDS, AND ITS UTILIZATION FOR ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY REACTIONARY POLITICAL GOALS, A REFLECTION OF OUTLOOK THAT ONE WOULD NATURALLY ASSOCIATE WITH A SECRET, PARAMILITARY BRANCH OF GVT GIVEN A LARGE BUDGET AND THE WORLD AS A PLAYING FIELD. THE NATION 12/20/93 756 A PUBLICATION OF THE CAMPAIGN FOR POLITICAL RIGHTS EXAMINES “THE CIA AND COVERT ACTION.” DETAILS OPS AGAINST CHINA, THE PHILIPPINES, THE SOVIET BLOC, GREECE, IRAN, CUBA, ZAIRE, LAOS, GUATEMALA, BOLIVIA, VIETNAM, ITALY AND ANGOLA. 6/82 P3 BETWEEN 81-86 , CASEY GOT 25 TO 35% ANNUAL BUDGET INCREASES FOR CIA. UNDER CASEY CIA INITIATED MORE THAN 50 MAJOR COVERT OPS ON EVERY CONTINENT. BY 84 THERE SOME 20 OPS IN AFRICA ALONE. AT PRESENT THERE MAJOR COVERT OPS IN NICARAGUA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, COSTA RICA, SURINAME, MEXICO, AFGHANISTAN, IRAN, ETHIOPIA, LIBYA, CHAD, LEBANON, SEYCHELLES, SOUTH AFRICA, MOZAMBIQUE, ANGOLA, ZAIRE, PHILIPPINES, VIETNAM, LAOS, AND OTHERS. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 87 28 CENTRAL AMERICA, 81-89 ISRAELI KNESSET MEMBER GEN. PELED SAID IN C.A. ISRAEL IS THE `DIRTY WORK’ CONTRACTOR FOR U.S. HELPED GUATEMALA REGIME WHEN CONGRESS BLOCKED REAGAN ADM. ISRAELI FIRM TADIRAN (THEN PARTLY U.S.-OWNED) SUPPLIED GUATEMALAN MILITARY WITH COMPUTERIZED INTEL SYSTEM TO TRACK POTENTIAL SUBVERSIVES. THOSE ON COMPUTER LIST HAD AN EXCELLENT CHANCE OF BEING “DISAPPEARED.” IT “AN ARCHIVE AND COMPUTER FILE ON JOURNALISTS, STUDENTS, LEADERS, LEFTISTS, POLITICIANS AND SO ON.” COMPUTER SYSTEM MAKING UP DEATH LISTS. COCKBURN, A. & COCKBURN, L. (1991). DANGEROUS LIAISON 219 CIA HAS ANNOUNCED IT WILL DECLASSIFY THOUSANDS OF INTEL ESTIMATES AND ANALYTICAL PAPERS, AND DISCLOSE MATERIAL RELATED TO DECADES-OLD COVERT OPS IN FRANCE, ITALY, IRAN, GUATEMALA, NORTH KOREA, INDONESIA, LAOS, THE CONGO AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. THE NATION 11/29/93 660 CIA OPS INCLUDE PROPAGANDA AND SUPPORT OF POLITICAL PARTIES, GUATEMALA, CUBA, VIETNAM, AFRICA, SANTO DOMINGO. IN EARLY 80s ENGLAND, FRANCE AND U.S. PLANNED TO TOPPLE QADDAFI OF LIBYA. CIA PULLED OUT OF OP AND DEMANDED IT NOT PROCEED. QUIRK, J. (1986). THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY: A PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY 154 CIA TO RELEASE ADDITIONAL USSR-RELATED STUDIES FROM 60s-70s, AS WELL AS MAJOR CHUNKS OF ITS INFO ON BAY OF PIGS INVASION OF CUBA, 53 OVERTHROW OF MOSSADEGH OF IRAN, AND 54 OVERTHROW OF GUATEMALA’S ARBENZ. WASHINGTON POST 10/1/93 A45 CUBA, 61 PRESIDENT KENNEDY HAD NO REAL CHOICE: CIA TRAINING CUBANS IN GUATEMALA SINCE LATTER DAYS OF EISENHOWER ADM. ALLEN DULLES SAID IF U.S. CALLED OFF OP, CUBAN EXPATRIATES WOULD TELL LATIN AMERICA THAT KENNEDY SUFFERED A FAILURE OF NERVE. BERLE WAS IN FREQUENT CONTACT WITH J.C. KING, WHO DIRECTED CIA OPS IN HEMISPHERE. BERLE IN HIS TRAVELS HEARD CIA FOISTED OLD BATISTA ARMY MEN UPON OTHERS IN THEIR FIGHT AGAINST CASTRO. TWO WEEKS AFTER KENNEDY INAUGURATION STATE DEPT BEGAN TO CIRCULATE DAILY BULLETIN. REPORTS FLOWED IN THAT RUSSIAN AND CZECH ARMS AND TECHNICIANS WERE ARRIVING IN CUBA. BERLE WAS VITRIOLICALLY HOSTILE TO ANY LIBERAL WHO OPPOSED A MILITARY SOLUTION TO CASTRO. SCHWARTZ, J. (1987). LIBERAL: ADOLF A. BERLE AND THE VISION OF AN AMERICAN ERA 330-33 CUBA, VENEZUELA 59 JAKE ENGLER, WHO WAS CIA CHIEF OF STATION IN CARACAS, VENEZUELA FROM 1957-60, WROTE WESTERN DIV CHIEF COL. J.C. KING IN EARLY DEC 59 PREDICTING THERE GOING TO BE A REAL PROBLEM IN CUBA. ENGLER FAMILIAR WITH CUBAN DISSIDENTS WHO OUSTED FULGENICO BATISTA AND HAD WITNESSED CASTRO’S VISIT TO CARACAS IN 1959. ENGLER VOLUNTEERED HIS SERVICES AND WAS CALLED TO WASHINGTON ON 18 JAN 60 WHERE HE MET WITH 11 OTHER MEN TO PLAN BAY OF PIGS INVASION. MOST WERE VETERANS OF 1954 COUP IN GUATEMALA. WYDEN, P. (1979). BAY OF PIGS THE UNTOLD STORY 19,20 DAMNED IF YOU COUP…SOME LESSONS FROM THE HISTORY OF COVERT ACTIONS– IRAN 53 GUATEMALA 54 CUBA 61 VIETNAM 63 CHILE 73 GRENADA 83 THE PHILIPPINES 82 NEWSWEEK 10/16/89 34 GUATEMALA, 53-54 FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE MEMBERS ADOLF BERLE AND C.D. JACKSON TALKING UP PROPOSALS TO FREE HEMISPHERE OF ARBENZ. WILLIAM H. JACKSON’S ROLE. DULLES’S COLONEL, ALBERT HANEY, THEN COS IN SEOUL AND HIS SIDE-KICK, WILLIAM (RIP) ROBINSON’S INVOLVEMENT. IN AUG 53 DECISION MADE TO OUST ARBENZ. OPS HEADQUARTERS OPA-LOCKA, FLORIDA. OP PB/SUCCESS. THIRTY OR MORE PARAMILITARY SPECIALISTS. HOLCOMB APPOINTED DEPUTY CHIEF OF WHD. SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR PARAMILITARY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OPS, C. TRACY BARNES, SENT TO MONITOR OP. WITH CIA ARRANGEMENT, GEORGE MEANY AND CARDINAL SPELLMAN OPENLY CRITICIZED ARBENZ. HENRY HECKSCHER, FORMERLY OF BERLIN STATION, SENT TO TEST SITUATION IN GUATEMALA. AFTER ALFHEM BERTHED, ALLEN DULLES CONVENED INTEL ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND LAID OUT ARGUMENT THAT ARBENZ HAD ARMS ENOUGH TO ROLL DOWN CENTRAL AMERICA AND GRAB THE PANAMA CANAL (DOMINO THEORY). RIP ROBERTSON TOOK IN A DEMOLITION TEAM TO BLOW RAILROAD TRESTLE. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 339-348 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ GVT THE ARMAS REGIME ESTABLISHED THE CIA-BACKED NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR DEFENSE AGAINST COMMUNISM. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P4 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER ALFHEM ARRIVED, SECRETARY OF STATE PROCLAIMED A MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY WITH HONDURAS AND FIFTY TONS OF ARMS SENT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO ARMAS INSURGENTS. U.S. SUBMARINES AND 3 B-36 BOMBERS TURNED UP IN REGION. EISENHOWER ORDERED NAVY TO STOP AND SEARCH ALL “SUSPICIOUS FOREIGN-FLAG VESSELS.” HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 347 GUATEMALA, 54 ANTICOMMUNISM AND COUNTERINSURGENCY, GUATEMALAN MODEL – PART II OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ AND IMPLANTATION OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY. CHAPTER HEADING IN COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 263-292 GUATEMALA, 54 U.S. HAD TO CONVINCE WORLD THAT COMMUNISM DOMINATED [ARBENZ GVT], AND TO CONCEAL INTEREST OF UNITED FRUIT CO. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 229 GUATEMALA, 60 CUBANS IN TRAINING FOR BAY OF PIGS USED TO PUT DOWN COUP ATTEMPT AGAINST MIGUEL YDIGORAS FUENTES. 600 AT CIA CAMP TRAX, 200 USED. FREE CUBA AIR FORCE USED TO SOFTEN UP REBELS AIRFIELD PUERTO BARRIOS. COUP FORCES GAVE UP. RODRIGUEZ, F.I., & WEISMAN, J. (1989). SHADOW WARRIOR 56-58 GUATEMALA, 80-92 U.S. GVT, TRANSNATIONAL CORPS, CIA AND LOCAL ELITE HAVE TRIED TO DESTROY NATIVE DEMOCRACY IN GUATEMALA. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SPRING 92 41-6 GUATEMALA, 81 THE STATE DEPT DECLARED THEIR WAS A MAJOR INSURGENCY IN GUATEMALA AND SOUGHT MILITARY AID WHICH WAS REBUFFED BY CONGRESS. CONGRESS HOWEVER COULD NOT PREVENT THE APPROVAL OF $2 MILLION COVERT CIA PROGRAM. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 6/84 P31 GUATEMALA, IRAN, 53-54 FROM OPA-LOCKA FLORIDA CIA RUNNING AIRLIFTS TO HONDURAS WHERE CASTILLO ARMAS SMALL BAND, NEVER MORE THAN 140 MEN, WERE BEING TRAINED. IN ONE RESPECT CIA PLANNED TO DUPLICATE THE TECHNIQUE USED IN IRAN:PSYCHOLOGICALLY PREPARING THE MINDS OF THE TARGET GVT AND PEOPLE, THEN A SUDDEN SHOW OF APPARENTLY MASSIVE FORCE. A CIA STAFF OFFICER, DOCUMENTED AND DISGUISED AS A EUROPEAN BUSINESSMAN ACHIEVED THE DEFECTION OF A SENIOR OFFICER ON ARBENZ’S STAFF. THRU HIM HAD UP-TO-MINUTE INTEL. AFTER WARNING THE PEOPLE, FIGHTER AIRCRAFT MADE LOW LEVEL STRAFFING RUNS ON GUATEMALA CITY AND DROPPED RELATIVELY HARMLESS SMOKE BOMBS. FROM HONDURAS A POWERFUL TRANSMITTER OVERRODE THE NATIONAL RADIO, BROADCASTING MESSAGES TO CONFUSE AND DIVIDE THE POPULATION. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 99-100 HAITI, 94 AFTER U.S. FORCES OCCUPY AND THEN LEAVE HAITI, A HOST OF MILITARY, CIA AND CIVILIAN ADVISERS TO STAY AS PARTICIPANTS IN HAITI’S AFFAIRS. ICITAP, U.S. AGENCY TO REBUILD HAITI’S POLICE – TO BRING IN SEVERAL HUNDRED TRAINERS TO MOLD A 5000 MAN FORCE. DR. LOUIS KERNISAN, A DIA ATTACHE FROM 89 THRU 91, PREDICTS NO POPULAR UPRISING. KERNISAN NOW A KEY OCCUPATION FIGURE AND IS PLANNING TO RETRAIN HAITIAN POLICE. HE OPERATES OUT OF ICITAP, AN OFFSHOOT OF FBI THAT WAS CREATED IN 86 TO PROVIDE TRAINING FOR SECURITY FORCES FOR EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. CURRENT PLANS CALL FOR DISSOLVING HAITIAN ARMY AND POLICE. U.S. HAS LARGE NET OF ARMY TRAINEES, DIA INFORMANTS, AND CIA ASSETS. KERNISAN SAYS HE HAS A LIST OF RELIABLE HAITIAN OFFICERS. RIGHT-WING PM HIT UNIT FRAP DISCUSSED. WHEN BABY DOC OVERTHROWN CONGRESS BLOCKED REQUESTED AID FOR REFORM. BUT CIA CREATED HAITI’S NATIONAL INTEL SERVICE (SIN) OSTENSIBLY AN ANTI-DRUGS UNIT – WHICH ATTACKED HAITIAN DISSIDENTS. DONALD TERRY, WITH CIA STATION IN HAITI NOW POSTED TO PARIS. CIA BEEFING UP HAITI STATION AND RECRUITING NEW ASSETS. OCCUPATION CAN BE EXPECTED TO RUN PER ARMY’S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT. DETAILS GIVEN. THE NATION 10/3/94 344 ISRAEL, THIRD WORLD. FROM 73-88 ISRAEL HAS BECOME FULL-FLEDGED COVERT PARTNER U.S. IN THIRD WORLD. ISRAEL HAS SUPPLIED TRAINING AND WEAPONS TO CHILE, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HAITI, SOUTH AFRICA AND NICARAGUAN CONTRAS, FOR EXAMPLE. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 88 46 JACK ANDERSON REPORTS CIA OPS OF SENDING ARMS TO REBELS IN AFGHANISTAN; SUPPORTING EGYPT AND TURKEY IN OPS AGAINST IRAN; BACKING THE POL POT FORCES IN CAMBODIA; TRAINING CUBAN ASSASSINATION SQUADS IN GUATEMALA AND WORKING WITH ISRAEL TO DISRUPT THE PLO. WP 8/27/81 FROM PARAPOLITICS/USA 10/31/81 P7 MCGEORGE BUNDY NOTED: “THE DISMAL HISTORICAL RECORD OF COVERT MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY OPERATIONS OVER PAST 25 YEARS IS ENTIRELY CLEAR.” AS NSC ADVISER TO KENNEDY AND JOHNSON HE HAS SOME BASIS FOR OBSERVATION. PSW 403. A REVIEW OF COVERT ACTION OPS FROM NORTH KOREA, NVN, IRAN, GUATEMALA, CUBA, DENIED AREAS, ETC. “MOST PARAMILITARY OPS UNALLOYED FAILURES, PERHAPS EXCEPTING CONGO. LEDGER FAILURES INCLUDES ALBANIA, ANGOLA, KURDS, TRACK II FAILED IN CHILE, NICARAGUA IN DOUBT, ETC. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 402-6 NICARAGUA, GUATEMALA, 82 NSC DOCUMENT PUBLISHED BY NEW YORK TIMES STATES: IN NICARAGUA, THE SANDINISTAS ARE UNDER INCREASED PRESSURE AS RESULT OF OUR COVERT EFFORTS. SIGNIFICANT COVERT EFFORT HAD BEEN APPROVED BY NATIONAL SECURITY DIRECTIVE 17 IN NOVEMBER, 1981. DOCUMENT ALSO RECOMMENDED CIA BE AUTHORIZED BEGIN ARMS INTERDICTION PROGRAM IN GUATEMALA. AUTHENTICITY OF DOCUMENT CONFIRMED BY OFFICIALS AND FBI INVESTIGATION ITS DISCLOSURE. IN NEWS CONFERENCE, PRESIDENT REAGAN CONFIRMED US PROVIDING SUPPORT TO NICARAGUAN EXILES CONDUCTING PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES IN NICARAGUA BUT SOLE PURPOSE TO HELP STOP FLOW OF ARMS TO EL SALVADOR. FIRST PRINCIPLES 5/83 P8 NSC 5412 OF 15 MARCH 54 WAS ALL-INCLUSIVE. SECRET, COSTLY. WORLDWIDE. “TO COUNTER ANY THREAT OF A PARTY OR INDIVIDUAL DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY RESPONSIVE” TO COMMUNISM IN A FREE-WORLD COUNTRY. ELECTIONS IN ITALY, WEST GERMANY, FRANCE. “TO DEVELOP UNDERGROUND RESISTANCE…AND GUERRILLA OPS. VIETNAM, LAOS THE CONGO, IRAN, GUATEMALA, CUBA. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 183 OVERVIEW OF C.A. SINCE WWII. PARAMILITARY OPS: BAY OF PIGS CUBA, 61 – ATTEMPTS TO OVERTHROW COMMUNIST REGIMES IN ALBANIA, POLAND, AND THE SOVIET UKRAINE – ALL FAILED. OVERTHROW OF GVT OF ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA IN 54 IN 63 CIA SUCCESSFUL IN OP TO OVERTHROW JUAN BOSH IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND CARLOS AROSEMENA IN ECUADOR. OP TO SUPPORT REVOLT AGAINST PRESIDENT SUKARNO OF INDONESIA IN 58 FAILED. TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND. (1992). THE NEED TO KNOW: COVERT ACTION AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 81-2 93 CIA TO OPEN UP SECRETS, `WARTS AND ALL,’ DIRECTOR SAYS. WILL ELIMINATE LINE-BY-LINE REVIEW IN CATEGORY THAT WOULD INCLUDE THOUSANDS OF ANALYTICAL PAPERS AND MORE THAN 350 NIEs. DOCUMENTS RELATING TO KOREAN WAR, VIETNAM IN EARLY 60s INCLUDED – NO DATE SET. COMPLETING DECLASSIFICATION OF MORE THAN 500 NIEs WRITTEN BETWEEN 47-83 ON THE USSR. TO DECLASSIFY INFO ON COVERT ACTIONS MORE THAN 30 YEARS OLD INCLUDING OPS IN FRANCE AND ITALY IN 40s AND 50s, SUPPORT TO ANTI-SUKARNO REBELS IN INDONESIA IN 58, TIBETAN GUERRILLAS, OPS AGAINST NORTH KOREA, AND OPS IN LAOS IN 60s. ALSO DECLASSIFYING FILES ON GERMANY AND IN 94 TO RELEASE FIRST UNCLASSIFIED HISTORY OF CIA. CIA TO DECLASSIFY NEXT FEW MONTHS 80-90% OF MORE THAN 10,000 PAGES OF CIA MATERIAL ON KENNEDY ASSASSINATION IT INITIALLY SOUGHT TO WITHHOLD LAST MONTH. FORMER DCI GATES HAD ANNOUNCED PLANS TO DECLASSIFY INFO ON BAY OF PIGS OP IN CUBA, OVERTHROW OF GVT IN GUATEMALA IN 54 AND COUP IN IRAN IN 53 – THESE DOCS EXPECTED TO BE RELEASED BY END OF YEAR. WASHINGTON POST 9/29/93 A6 CUBA CUBA. IN 90 DR. ORLANDO BOSCH PAROLED IN MIAMI. HE CONVICTED OF BOMBINGS OF BRITISH, JAPANESE AND POLISH VESSELS IN FLORIDA AND DOWNING OF CUBANA AIRLINER IN CARIBBEAN IN 76 BOSCH’S PRINCIPAL ACCOMPLICE IN CUBANA BOMBING, LUIS POSADA CARRILES, “ESCAPED” FROM VENUZUELAN PRISON IN 84. IN 86 HE AIDE TO FELIX RODRIGUEZ AT ILOPONGO AIRBASE IN EL SALVADOR. IN 2/26/ 90 HE WOUNDED IN GUATEMALA CITY. UNCLASSIFIED 9/90 8 DEATH SQUADS EL SALVADOR. FORMER S.F. POLICE OFFICER ACCUSED OF ILLEGAL SPYING SAID HE WORKED FOR CIA AND WILL EXPOSE CIA’S SUPPORT OF DEATH SQUADS IF HE PROSECUTED. TOM GERARD SAID HE BEGAN WORKING FOR CIA IN 82 AND QUIT IN 85 BECAUSE HE COULD NOT TOLERATE WHAT HE SAW. HE AND ROY BULLOCK ARE SUSPECTED OF GATHERING INFO FROM POLICE AND GVT FILES ON THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS. INFO PROBABLY ENDED UP WITH B’NAI B’RITH AND ADL. CIA REFUSED TO CONFIRM GERARD’S CLAIM. GERARD SAID THERE IS PROOF CIA DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN TRAINING AND SUPPORT OF TORTURE AND DEATH SQUADS IN EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, AND GUATEMALA DURING MID 80Ss. PROOF IN HIS BRIEFCASE S.F. POLICE SEIZED. GERARD SAID SEVERAL PHOTOS SEIZED BY POLICE SHOW CIA AGENTS ATTENDING INTERROGATIONS, OR POSING WITH DEATH SQUAD MEMBERS. WASHINGTON TIMES 4/28/93 A6 EL SALVADOR, 80-91 TRUTH COMMISSION REPORT SAYS 19 OF 27 SALVADORAN OFFICERS IMPLICATED IN 6 JESUIT MURDERS WERE GRADUATES OF U.S. ARMY’S SCHOOL OF AMERICAS IN FORT BENNING, GA. ALMOST THREE QUARTERS OF SALVADORAN OFFICERS ACCUSED IN 7 OTHER MASSACRES WERE TRAINED AT FORT BENNING. IT CALLED SCHOOL FOR DICTATORS. SINCE 46 IT HAS TRAINED MORE THAN 56,000 LATIN SOLDIERS. GRADUATES INCLUDE SOME OF REGION’S MOST DESPICABLE MILITARY STRONGMEN. NOW WHEN U.S. WANTS TO BUILD DEMOCRACY, SCHOOL AN OBSTACLE. NEWSWEEK INVESTIGATION TURNED UP HUNDREDS OF LESS THAN HONORABLE GRADS. AT LEAST 6 PERUVIAN OFFICERS LINKED TO A MILITARY DEATH SQUAD THAT KILLED 9 STUDENTS AND A PROFESSOR WERE GRADUATES. FOUR OF FIVE SENIOR HONDURAN OFFICERS ACCUSED IN AMERICAS WATCH REPORT OF ORGANIZING A DEATH SQUAD – BATTALION 316 WERE TRAINED THERE. A COALITION CHARGED 246 COLOMBIAN OFFICERS WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS; 105 WERE SCHOOL ALUMNI. HONORED GRADUATES INCLUDE GEN SUAREZ, A BRUTAL DICTATOR OF BOLIVIA; GEN. CALLEJAS YCALLEJAS, CHIEF OF GUATEMALAN INTEL IN LATE 70s AND EARLY 80s, WHEN THOUSANDS POLITICAL OPPONENTS WERE ASSASSINATED; AND HONDURAN GEN. GARCIA A CORRUPT PERSONS; AND, HERNANDEZ, ARMED FORCES CHIEF OF COLOMBIA SUSPECTED OF AIDING COLOMBIAN DRUG TRAFFICKERS. NEWSWEEK 8/9/93 36-7 EL SALVADOR, 85 IN 2/85, CIA REPORTED THAT BEHIND ARENA’S LEGITIMATE EXTERIOR LIES A TERRORIST NETWORK LED BY D’AUBUISSON…USING BOTH ACTIVE-DUTY AND RETIRED MILITARY PERSONNEL…” MAIN DEATH SQUAD WAS “THE SECRET ANTI-COMMUNIST ARMY,” DESCRIBED BY CIA AS THE PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATION OF ARENA – FROM THE NATIONAL POLICE AND OTHER SECURITY ORGS. THESE WERE FUNDED DIRECTLY FROM WASHINGTON. DEATH SQUADS BECAME MORE ACTIVE AS 94, ELECTION APPROACHED. IN COLUMBIA, POSSIBLY LEADING TERRORIST STATE IN LATIN AMERICA, HAS BECOME LEADING RECIPIENT OF U.S. MILITARY AID. SINCE 86, MORE THAN 20,000 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED FOR POLITICAL REASONS, MOST BY COLUMBIAN AUTHORITIES. MORE THAN 1,500 LEADERS, MEMBERS AND SUPPORTERS OF THE LABOR PARTY (UP) HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED SINCE PARTY ESTABLISHED IN 85. PRETEXT FOR TERROR OPS IS WAR AGAINST GUERRILAS AND NARCOTRAFFICKERS – FORMER A PARTIAL TRUTH, LATTER A MYTH CONCOCTED TO REPLACE THE “COMMUNIST THREAT.” PMERS WORKS HAND-IN-HAND WITH DRUG LORDS, ORGANIZED CRIME, AND LANDLORDS. NATIONAL POLICE TOOK OVER AS LEADING OFFICIAL KILLERS WHILE U.S. AID SHIFTED TO THEM. TARGETS INCLUDE COMMUNITY LEADERS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH WORKERS, UNION ACTIVISTS, STUDENTS, MEMBERS OF RELIGIOUS YOUTH ORGS, AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN SHANTY TOWNS. SALE OF HUMAN ORGANS. CASE OF GUATEMALA. SHIFT OF 62, UNDER KENNEDY ADM FROM HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE TO “INTERNAL SECURITY:” WAR AGAINST THE INTERNAL ENEMY. DOCTRINES EXPOUNDED IN COUNTERINSURGENCY MANUALS. INTERNAL ENEMY EXTENDS TO LABOR ORGS, POPULAR MOVEMENTS, INDIGENOUS ORGS, OPPOSITION POLITICAL PARTIES, PEASANT MOVEMENTS, INTELLECTUAL SECTORS, RELIGIOUS CURRENTS, YOUTH AND STUDENT GROUPS, NEIGHBORHOOD ORGS, ETC. FROM 84 THROUGH 92, 6,844 COLUMBIAN SOLDIERS TRAINED UNDER U.S. INTERNATIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM (MET). Z 5/94 14 PAGES GUATEMALA. ARTICLE BY GARY BASS AND BABETTE GRUNOW ON THE GUATEMALAN COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES. LIES OF OUR TIME 6/93 11-13 GUATEMALA, 60-90 HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS SAY AT LEAST 40,000 GUATEMALANS “DISAPPEARED” IN LAST 3 DECADES. MOST WERE POOR INDIANS. ANTHROPOLOGISTS, LED BY CLYDE SNOW, DUG AWAY AT A VILLAGE SITE. MARIA LOPEZ HAD A HUSBAND AND A SON IN ONE GRAVE. SHE SAID ON MORNING OF VALENTINE’S DAY 82, MEMBERS OF ANTI-GUERRILLA MILITIA TOOK HER HUSBAND AND OTHERS. THEY HAD REFUSED TO JOIN MILITIAS KNOWN AS CIVIL SELF-DEFENSE PATROLS AND WERE KILLED. SIX KNOWN CLANDESTINE GRAVES IN SAN JOSE PACHO. HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS BLAME MOST DISAPPEARANCES ON ARMY-RUN CIVIL SELF-DEFENSE PATROLS SET UP UNDER PRESIDENCIES OF GEN LUCAS GARCIA AND BRIG. GEN. RIOS MONTT. THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF CLANDESTINE GRAVES FILLED WITH VICTIMS OF THE MILITIAS, RIGHT-WING DEATH SQUADS AND BRUTAL COUNTERINSURGENCY CAMPAIGNS. WASHINGTON TIMES 8/5/92 A9 GUATEMALA, 89 25 STUDENTS IN TWO YEARS KILLED BY SQUADS. ENTIRE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSOCIATION HAS BEEN SILENCED. U.S. BACKED GVTS IN VIRTUAL GENOCIDE HAVE MORE THAN 150,000 VICTIMS. AI CALLED THIS GENOCIDE A “GVT PROGRAM OF POLITICAL MURDER.” THE NATION 3/5/90 COVER, 308 GUATEMALA, 91-94 STATE DEPT REPORTED IN 91, THAT “MILITARY, CIVIL PATROLS AND POLICE CONTINUED TO COMMIT A MAJORITY OF MAJOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES, INCLUDING EXTRAJURIDICIAL KILLINGS TORTURE AND DISAPPEARANCES.” GUATEMALAN COUNTERINSURGENCY CAMPAIGN DEVISED BY U.S. CI EXPERTS CAESAR SERESERES AND COLONEL GEORGE MINAS. FORMER SERVED AS A CONSULTANT TO RAND CORP AND STATE DEPT’S OFFICE OF POLICY PLANNING. MINAS SERVED AS MILITARY ATTACHE IN GUATEMALA IN EARLY 80s. BOTH ENCOURAGED POPULATION CONTROL SUCH AS VIETNAM-STYLE MILITARY-CONTROLLED STRATEGIC HAMLETS AND CIVILIAN DEFENSE PATROLS. TODAY GUATEMALA IS LARGEST WAREHOUSE FOR COCAINE TRANSHIPMENTS TO U.S. DRUG TRADE RUN BY MILITARY WHICH TRIES TO BLAME THE LEFTISTS. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SPRING 94 28-33 GUATEMALA, 92 RIGHTS ABUSES IN GUATEMALA CONTINUE, PARAMILITARY CIVILIAN PATROLS – SELF DEFENSE PATROLS – ACCUSED OF CAMPAIGN OF TERROR, CONTROL RURAL AREAS. PATROLS ANSWER TO MILITARY. WASHINGTON POST 10/4/92 A35 CENTRAL AMERICA, 81-87 DEATH TOLL UNDER REAGAN IN EL SALVADOR PASSED 50,000 AND IN GUATEMALA IT MAY APPROACH 100,000. IN NICARAGUA 11,000 CIVILIANS KILLED BY 1968. DEATH TOLL IN REGION 150,000 OR MORE. CHOMSKY, N. (1988). THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM 29 CENTRAL AMERICA, CIRCA 79-87 ACCORDING AMERICAS WATCH CIVILIAN NON COMBATANT DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE GVT FORCES NICARAGUA MIGHT REACH 300, MOST MISKITO INDIANS IN COMPARISON 40-50,000 SALVADORAN CITIZENS KILLED BY DEATH SQUADS AND GVT FORCES DURING SAME YEARS, ALONG WITH SIMILAR NUMBER DURING LAST YEAR OF SOMOZA AND STILL HIGHER NUMBERS IN GUATEMALA. CHOMSKY, N. (1988). THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM 101 CIA SET UP ANSESAL AND OTHER NETWORKS OF TERROR IN EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA (ANSEGAT) AND PRE-SANDINISTA NICARAGUA (ANSENIC). THE CIA CREATED, STRUCTURED AND TRAINED SECRET POLICE IN SOUTH KOREA, IRAN, CHILE AND URUGUAY, AND ELSEWHERE – ORGANIZATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNTOLD THOUSANDS OF TORTURES, DISAPPEARANCES, AND DEATHS. SPARK 4/85 P2-4 EL SALVADOR COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) 12:14-15;12:5-13. GUATEMALA 12:21. 12:16-21. GUATEMALA, 53-84 FOR 30 YEARS THE CIA HAS BEEN BANKROLLING A MAN REPORTED TO BE BEHIND RIGHT-WING TERROR IN CENTRAL AMERICA. THE CIA’S PROTEGE, MARIO SANDOVAL ALARCON, FORMER V.P. OF GUATEMALA, NOW HEADS THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT (NLM) FOUNDED IN 53 BY CIA AS A PARAMILITARY FORCE TO OVERTHROW ARBENZ. BY MID-60S SANDOVAL EMERGED AS HEAD OF THE ORG. THE WHITE HAND OR LA MANO BLANCO WITH CLOSE TIES TO THE NLM WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR AS MANY AS 8000 DEATHS IN THE 60S PLUS MORE IN THE 70S. SANDOVAL A PILLAR OF THE WORLD ANTI-COMMUNIST LEAGUE. THE CIA STILL FUNDS SANDOVAL. JA WASHINGTON POST1 1/30/84 GUATEMALA, 54-76 EFFECT OF CIA COUP ORGANIZED LABOR ALL BUT WIPED OUT. UNION MEMBERSHIP DROPPED 100,000 TO 27,000 IMMEDIATELY AND CONTINUED DECLINE THEREAFTER, IN PART DUE TO DEATH SQUAD ACTIVITY. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 21 GUATEMALA. POLICE TRAINED BY AID PUBLIC SAFETY PROGRAM MURDERED OR DISAPPEARED 15,000 PEOPLE. LERNOUX, P. (1982). CRY OF THE PEOPLE 186 GUATEMALA, 54-84 SEE JACK ANDERSON COLUMN “LINKS REPORTED AMONG LATIN DEATH SQUADS.” WASHINGTON POST 1/12/84 N.VA15 GUATEMALA, 70-72 UNDER ARANA PRESIDENCY, WITH MARIO SANDOVAL ALARCON AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN RIGHT-WING TERRORISM, ARANA UNLEASHED ONE OF THE MOST GRUESOME SLAUGHTERS IN RECENT LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY (ONLY IN CHILE, FOLLOWING THE COUP AGAINST ALLENDE WAS THE DEGREE OF VIOLENCE GREATER). THE NYT REPORTED IN JUNE 71 THAT AT LEAST 2000 GUATEMALANS WERE ASSASSINATED BETWEEN 11/70 AND 5/71; MOST CORPSES SHOWED SIGNS OF TORTURE. MOST OF KILLING ATTRIBUTED TO THE OFFICIALLY SUPPORTED TERRORIST ORGS OJO POR OJO (AN EYE FOR AN EYE) AND MANO BLANCA. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 202-3 GUATEMALA, 70-87 VIOLENCE BY SECURITY FORCES ORGANIZED BY CIA, TRAINED IN TORTURE BY ADVISORS FROM ARGENTINA, CHILE. SUPPORTED BY WEAPON, COMPUTER EXPERTS FROM ISRAEL. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 133 GUATEMALA. TRAINED 60-82 MILITARY DEATH SQUADS WHO USED “TERROR TACTICS” FROM KILLING TO INDISCRIMINATE NAPALMING OF VILLAGES. SPECIAL FORCES ALMOST CERTAINLY PARTICIPATED IN OPS DESPITE CONGRESSIONAL PROHIBITION. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 193 GUATEMALA, 54 THE US AMBASSADOR, AFTER OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ GVT, GAVE LISTS TO ARMAS OF RADICAL OPPONENTS TO BE ELIMINATED. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P4 GUATEMALA, 85 THE WORLD ANTI-COMMUNIST LEAGUE’S POINT MAN, MARIO SANDOVAL ALARCON, REMAINS A LEAGUE MEMBER EVEN AFTER EXPOSED AS A DEATH SQUAD PATRIARCH WHO WAS ON THE CIA PAYROLL. JA WASHINGTON POST8 8/9/86 GUATEMALA, 89 CLIMATE OF TERROR GRIPS GUATEMALA. KILLERS, BOMBERS SAID TO TARGET CIVILIAN RULE. WASHINGTON POST 9/29/89 A45 GUATEMALA, CIRCA 68-70 U.S. CI PROGRAM TURNED AREA INTO BLOODY WAR ZONE TAKING THE LIVES OF THOUSANDS OF PEASANTS. FORMED MANO BLANCA OR WHITE HAND. PLAN USED THRUOUT COUNTRY IN 70 NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 3/74 P19 ISRAEL RANKS AS FIFTH LARGEST EXPORTER OF ARMS IN WORLD, ACCORDING CIA ESTIMATES, AND HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL ELEMENT GLOBAL CI BUSINESS. “HIT LISTS” USED BY DEATH SQUADS IN GUATEMALA HAVE BEEN COMPUTERIZED WITH ISRAELI ASSISTANCE AND UZI MACHINE GUNS THE STANDARD WEAPON OF DEATH SQUADS. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 88 5 LATIN AMERICA. CIA ORGANIZES RIGHT WING TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS THAT ATTACK AND ASSASSINATE LEFTIST POLITICIANS AND OTHERS WITHOUT IMPLICATING FOREIGN GOV’S. GROUPS INCLUDE “LA MANO BLANCO” & “OJO POR OJO” (GUATEMALA), “LA BANDA” (DOMINICAN REPUBLIC), & “DEATH SQUAD” (BRAZIL). COUNTERSPY 3/73 4 LATIN AMERICA. CIA TRAINED ASSASSINATION GROUPS SUCH AS HALCONES IN MEXICO, THE MANO BLANCA IN GUATEMALA, AND THE ESCUADRON DE LA MUERTE IN BRAZIL. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 8/74 P11 DECEPTION GUATEMALA 54 WELL-ORGANIZED RUMOR MILL USED IN OP SUCCESS. AMERICANS IN CONTACT U.S. EMBASSY, AS WELL AS EMBASSY EMPLOYEES, BENIGNLY ASKED GUATEMALAN FRIENDS IF IT TRUE THAT CRUISERS AND AIRCRAFT CARRIERS HAD ANCHORED OFF COAST OR THAT PARATROOPERS HAD LANDED IN NORTH. RUMORS CAME BACK WITHIN HOURS TO THE PEOPLE WHO HAD STARTED THEM, NEARLY ALWAYS EXPANDED TO LUDICROUS PROPORTIONS. DL 236 FROM SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 192-93 GUATEMALA, 51-54 BERNAYS WITH UNITED FRUIT BROUGHT GUATEMALA TO ATTENTION OF NEW YORK TIMES PUBLISHER SULZBURGER WHO MADE AN INSPECTION TRIP TO COUNTRY – WHILE ON TRIP A “COMMUNIST RIOT” TOOK PLACE. A PR COUP FOR BERNAYS. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 46 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER A GUATEMALAN FIGHTER PILOT DEFECTED IN 1954, CIA AGENTS GOT HIM DRUNK SO HE WOULD CALL ON FORMER COLLEAGUES TO DEFECT. PILOT REFUSED AT FIRST, BUT THEN OBLIGED WHEN CIA TOLD HIM TO ACT OUT KIND OF SPEECH HE WOULD MAKE IF HE HAD NO RELATIVES IN GUAT. CIA BROADCASTED RECORDING FROM VOICE OF LIBERATION, A REBEL STATION OPERATING OUT OF HONDURAS. GUATEMALANS PROMPTLY GROUNDED THEIR AIR FORCE. WYDEN, P. (1979). BAY OF PIGS THE UNTOLD STORY 21 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA’S “VOICE OF LIBERATION” RADIO OPERATORS SNUGGLED UP TO FREQUENCIES GUATEMALAN RADIO STATIONS AND SPOOFED MILITARY SIGNALS, SKILLFULLY PAINTED A PICTURE OF WAR AND UPHEAVAL. FABRICATED REPORTS OF LARGE TROOP MOVEMENTS, FEARSOME BATTLES, MAJOR GUATEMALAN DEFEATS AND GROWING REBEL STRENGTH FRIGHTENING AN ALREADY CONFUSED AND DISHEARTENED PEOPLE. DL 234 FROM SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 184-85 GUATEMALA, 54 COMMUNISM USED AS TOOL TO RALLY CENTRAL AMERICAN SUPPORT AND AS AN EXCUSE TO OVERTHROW NATIONALIST, ANTI-IMPERIALIST GVT OF ARBENZ. A.A. BERLE SENT OUTLINE PLAN FOR OVERTHROW OF GVT. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 230-234 GUATEMALA, 54 FINAL OPS NEEDED ONE USEABLE GUATEMALAN DEFECTOR AND ONE REASONABLE PRETEXT. CIA OFFICER DEFECTED SENIOR OFFICER ON ARBENZ’S STAFF. HE SUPPLIED MILITARY INFO AND “CONFIRMED ARRIVAL OF CZECH MUNITIONS SHIP.” ARRIVAL OF ALFHEM, CARRYING ARMS WAS LONG AWAITED PRETEXT. U.S. PUBLIC RELATIONS FLOP. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 266-268 GUATEMALA, 54 PLAN ONE PART MILITARY ACTION AND NINE PARTS PROPAGANDA AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. POWERS, T. (1979). THE MAN WHO KEPT THE SECRETS 86-8 GUATEMALA, 54 THE DOS PROTEST IN 5/54 THAT A CZECH ARMS SHIPMENT WAS ON ITS WAY TO PUERTO BARRIOS WAS JUST A PSYWAR PLOY. JEFFREYS-JONES, R. (1989). THE CIA & AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 91 HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, 54 ON 22 JUN 54, GUA. REBEL P-47 BOMBED HONDURAN BORDER TOWN OF SAN PEDRO DE COPAN. SEC. DULLES ANNOUNCED GOV. OF GUATEMALA WAS RESPONSIBLE. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 340 NICARAGUA, GUATEMALA, 54 IN EFFORT TO DEMONSTRATE SOVIET ARMING OF GUATEMALA, CIA PLANTED SOVIET MARKED ARMS CACHE ON NICARAGUA’S PACIFIC COAST IN MAY 54. SOMOZA FLAUNTED “DISCOVERY” FOR PRESS. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 294 FROM 50-59 CIA DURING DULLES ERA TOPPLED ONLY 2 GVTS– IRAN AND GUATEMALA. CLINE, R.S. (1976). SECRETS, SPIES, AND SCHOLARS 133 DOMESTIC. EISENHOWER LIED RE U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN GUATEMALAN COUP 54 ABOUT CIA’S SUPPORT REBELLION INDONESIA 58 AND GARY POWERS 60 U-2 MISSION. KENNEDY LIED ABOUT CIA’S ROLE AT BAY OF PIGS 61 JOHNSON ADM LIED ABOUT EXTENT OPS IN VIETNAM AND LAOS NIXON LIED ABOUT CIA’S ROLE IN CHILE 70 FOR ADHERENTS CULT OF INTEL, HYPOCRISY, DECEPTION, LIKE SECRECY, ARE STANDARD TO PREVENT PUBLIC AWARENESS CIA OPS. MARCHETTI, V., & MARKS, J.D. (1974). THE CIA AND THE CULT OF INTELLIGENCE 6 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER CIA COUP, TO PROVE ARBENZ A COMMUNIST, CIA TOOK NEWSMEN ON TOUR OF HIS HOUSE WHERE THEY FOUND SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS OBVIOUSLY PRINTED IN THE USSR. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 220 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA FABRICATED AN INCIDENT THAT COULD BE USED TO JUSTIFY MILITARY INTERVENTION. PILOT SENT TO DROP SEVERAL BOMBS AROUND A HONDURAN AIRSTRIP NEAR BORDER SO HONDURANS COULD CLAIM THEY ATTACKED BY ARBENZ. HONDURAS WOULD THEN CALL FOR HELP FROM OAS. PLOT BADLY HANDLED AND DID NOT WORK. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 175 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA LAUNCHED CLANDESTINE RADIO CAMPAIGN 7 WEEKS BEFORE INVASION. TRAINED 3 GUATEMALANS AT OPA-LOCKA IN CLASSIC DISINFORMATION. STATION CALLED VOICE OF LIBERATION. THEME OF BROADCASTS WAS ARBENZ SECRETLY PLANNING TO DISBAND ARMED FORCES AND REPLACE THEM WITH PEOPLES MILITIA. CIA LEAFLETS CARRIED SAME MESSAGE. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 168 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA LEAFLETS DROPPED IN GUATEMALA WARNED OF A SECRET PLAN BY PRES. ARBENZ TO REPLACE MILITARY WITH A CITIZENS FORCES (OR MILITIA). SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 8 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA-BACKED BROADCASTS FABRICATED REPORTS OF LARGE TROOP MOVEMENTS, FEARSOME BATTLES, MAJOR GUATEMALAN DEFEATS AND GROWING REBEL STRENGTH. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 185, 192 GUATEMALA, 54 RUMORS FLOATED THAT LARGE LABOR CONFEDERATIONS, THE RURAL UNION CNGG, HAD SENT TELEGRAMS TO PROVINCIAL AFFILIATES TELLING THEM TO PREPARE FIGHT ENEMY. OPS RAISED SPECTER OF A “PEOPLES MILITIA.” SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 165 GUATEMALA, 54 SMALL CIA AIR FORCE OF P-47 THUNDERBOLTS BOMBED GUATEMALA, AMBASSADOR TO UN CATEGORICALLY DENIED U.S. INVOLVEMENT COUP. WISE, D. (1973). THE POLITICS OF LYING 51 GUATEMALA, DOMESTIC OP, 54 NEWSMEN AFTER COUP BROUGHT TO ARBENZ’S HOME AND SHOWN STACKS OF SOVIET TEXTBOOK AND OTHER EVIDENCE ARBENZ’S COMMUNIST STOOGE ROLE. BUT NYT REPORTER DECIDED EVIDENCE PLANTED. BUT TIME MAGAZINE REPORTED IT. KWITNY, J. (1984). ENDLESS ENEMIES 227 MEMBERS CULT OF INTEL, HAVE LIED TO PROTECT THE CIA AND TO HIDE THEIR OWN RESPONSIBILITY FOR OPS. EISENHOWER ADM LIED TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ABOUT CIA INVOLVEMENT IN GUATEMALA COUP, ABOUT AGENCY’S SUPPORT FOR UNSUCCESSFUL REBELLION IN INDONESIA, ABOUT GARY POWER’S U-2 MISSION. KENNEDY ADM LIED ABOUT BAY OF PIGS, JOHNSON ADM LIED ABOUT VIETNAM AND LAOS. NIXON ADMINISTRATION ADM LIED ABOUT CHILEAN OVERTHROW. MARCHETTI, V., & MARKS, J.D. (1974). THE CIA AND THE CULT OF INTELLIGENCE 5 DOCUMENT GUATEMALA, 54 HOWARD HUNT ISSUED FALSE DOCUMENTS. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 114 GUATEMALA, CIRCA 54 FOR HIS ASSIGNMENT TO THE CENTRAL COVER DIVISION PROVIDED H. HUNT WITH DOCUMENTATION IN ALIAS, AUTHENTIC BUT NON-FUNCTIONAL CREDIT CARDS, BANK REFERENCES AND THE LIKE. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 97 DOMESTIC OP CENTRAL AMERICA, 83-84 TEXT OF AN NSC DOC “U.S. POLICY IN C.A. AND CUBA THROUGH F.Y.84, SUMMARY PAPER,” ON A MEETING OF THE NSC PLANNING GROUP 4/82. DOC CALLS FOR KEEPING THE NICARAGUAN GVT FROM “EXPORTING REVOLUTION,” AND TO STRENGTHEN PRO-U.S. ELEMENTS IN EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. IT APPROVES THE BEGINNING OF COVERT OPS IN GUATEMALA AGAINST ANTI-GVT FORCES AND AN EFFORT TO KEEP MEXICO “ISOLATED” FROM C.A. ISSUES. GROUP DISCUSSED MAKING CONCERTED EFFORT TO INCREASE FACTIONAL STRIFE AMONG GUERRILLA GROUPS AND THEIR POLITICAL ALLIES IN EL SALVADOR. PROPOSED STEPPING UP EFFORTS TO COOPT CONGRESSIONAL EFFORTS TO LINK APPROVAL OF AID TO PROMOTION OF TALKS BETWEEN WARRING SIDES IN C.A. NEW YORK TIMES 4/7/83 A1,16 CUBA, 61 NEW YORK TIMES REPORTED ON 4/7/61 THAT 5,000 TO 6,000 MEN RECRUITED TO LIBERATE CUBA AND THAT THEIR TRAINING IN FLORIDA, LOUISIANA, AND GUATEMALA ALMOST COMPLETE. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 117 FOR EIGHT YEARS INSLAW BATTLING JUSTICE DEPT FOR POSSESSION OF PROMIS, A SOFT-WARE PROGRAM DEVELOPED BY COMPANY OWNER BILL HAMILTON. IN 91 INSLAW WENT PUBLIC AND ALLEGED REAGAN JUSTICE DEPT, AFTER IT HAD STOLEN PROMIS, TURNED IT OVER TO EARL BRIAN. INSLAW ALLEGES SOFTWARE GIVEN BRIAN AS PAYBACK FOR BRIAN’S HELP IN ARRANGING ARMS-FOR-HOSTAGE DEAL WITH IRAN IN 1980 (OCTOBER SURPRISE). PER HAMILTON, BRIAN, WHO RUNS UPI, ALLEGEDLY MARKETED PROMIS TO INTEL AGENCIES OF ISRAEL, JORDAN, IRAQ, CANADA, SOUTH KOREA, LIBYA, ENGLAND, GERMANY, FRANCE, AUSTRALIA, THAILAND, JAPAN, CHILE, GUATEMALA, AND BRAZIL. PER INSLAW, ONCE SOFTWARE USED BY FOREIGN INTEL SERVICES, NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA) ABLE INFILTRATE COMPUTERIZED INTEL FILES THOSE COUNTRIES. MODIFICATIONS TO PROMIS ALLEGEDLY DONE BY WACKENHUT CORP. OF CORAL GABLES, FL. HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE INVESTIGATING SCANDAL SINCE 89. ATTORNEY GENERAL THORNBURG, UNDER SUPOENA, RELEASED INSLAW-RELATED FILES – BUT 15 TO 20 FILES MISSING. IN THESE TIMES 9/10/91 4-5 GEORGE BUSH’S SECOND ELDEST SON, JOHN ELLIS OR JEB, ALSO LINKED TO CLANDESTINE SCHEMES IN SUPPORT OF CONTRAS. JEB ACTED AS REAGAN ADM’S UNOFFICIAL LINK WITH CONTRAS AND NICARAGUAN EXILES IN MIAMI. JEB HELPED RIGHT-WING GUATEMALAN POLITICIAN DR. MARIO CASTEJON GET IN CONTACT WITH OLIVER NORTH RE VARIOUS PROJECTS. CASTEJON PROPOSAL RE MEDICAL AID PROJECT FOR CONTRAS. CASTEJON PROPOSAL TO TGS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED IN VIRGINIA. WHALEY SAID HE SENT REPORT TO TGS SO IT WOULD BE QUIETLY FORWARDED TO CIA. TGS INTERNATIONAL OWNED BY TED SHACKLEY. JEB INVOLVED WITH MIGUEL RECAREY, JR, A RIGHT-WING CUBAN WHO HEADED INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CENTERS (IMC) IN MIAMI. HHS MEDICARE FRAUD INSPECTOR CHARGED IMC USED MEDICARE FUNDS TO TREAT WOUNDED CONTRAS AT ITS HOSPITAL. TRANSACTION ARRANGED BY IMC OFFICIAL JOSE BASULTO, A RIGHT-WING CUBAN TRAINED BY CIA. RECAREY EMBEZZLING MEDICARE FUNDS. RECAREY HAS LINKS TO MAFIA – INFO RE SANTOS TRAFFICANTE. RECAREY FLED U.S. IN 87 TO AVOID FEDERAL INDICTMENT. JEB BUSH ALSO LINKED TO LEONEL MARTINEZ, MIAMI-BASED CUBAN-AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKER WHO LINKED TO EDEN PASTORA. DETAILS RE MARTINEZ’S DEALS. TIES TO BCCI, ETC. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 92 54-58 GUATEMALA, 54 JOHN PUERIFOY TOLD “TIME” MAGAZINE REPORTER “PUBLIC OPINION” IN U.S. MIGHT FORCE ACTIONS TO PREVENT GUATEMALA FALLING INTO LAP INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM. PRES. EISENHOWER TALKED ABOUT EVIDENCE AGENTS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM BUT LITTLE EVIDENCE. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 102 GUATEMALA, 54 NATIONAL GUARD UNITS IN DEEP SOUTH LOANED PLANES TO CIA WHICH IN TURN RENTED THEM TO GVT OF NICARAGUA FOR $100 A PIECE. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 115 GUATEMALA, 54 TO SILENCE SYDNEY GRUSON, AN EXPERIENCED NY TIMES REPORTER, ALLEN DULLES CONTACTED GENERAL JULIUS ADLER, BUSINESS MANAGER OF THE TIMES. TOLD HIM GRUSON AND WIFE, FLORA LEWIS, WERE UNRELIABLE. ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER, PUBLISHER, TOLD GRUSON TO STAY PUT IN MEXICO CITY (DURING CIA COUP). SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 155 GUATEMALA, 54 EDWARD BERNAYS CHIEF LOBBYIST OF FORCES SEEKING THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ’S GVT HAD AN ESPECIALLY CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH “THE NEW LEADER,” A VIGOROUSLY ANTI-COMMUNIST LIBERAL WEEKLY…. BERNAYS PERSUADED UNITED FRUIT COMPANY TO SPONSOR PUBLIC SERVICE ADS ON BEHALF OF RED CROSS AND U.S. SAVINGS BONDS IN THE MAGAZINE AT $1,000.00 A PAGE, FAR ABOVE GOING RATE. “THE NEW LEADER”…CARRIED NUMEROUS ARTICLES, BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER COUP, JUSTIFYING INTERVENTION AGAINST ARBENZ’S REGIME ON GROUNDS THAT A SOVIET TAKEOVER LIKELY. A MANAGING EDITOR OF “THE NEW LEADER” IN THE 50s, DANIEL JAMES, WROTE A BOOK ENTITLED “RED DESIGN FOR THE AMERICAS,” WHICH PROVIDED A RATIONALE FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF GUATEMALAN DEMOCRACY. UNITED FRUIT AND CIA COOPERATED TO ENSURE WORK HAD A WIDE DISTRIBUTION. TAKEN FROM BOOK BITTER FRUIT. HITCHENS, C. (1988). PREPARED FOR THE WORST 271 GUATEMALA, 54 THE NEW YORK TIMES AND LIFE USED INFORMATION FROM THE CIA-BACKED STATION “VOICE OF LIBERATION,” AS AUTHENTIC. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 46 GUATEMALA, 54 TO CONVINCE WORLD THAT REDS IN GUATEMALA DOMINATED, OPS COORDINATION BOARD SPECIAL STAFF GATHERED ALL DATA TO SEND TO APPROPRIATE INDIVIDUALS THRUOUT AMERICAS. THERE TO BE INQUIRY BY HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON COMMUNIST AGGRESSION, CHAIRED BY CHARLES KERSTEN; AN INQUIRY BY SENATE SUB-COM ON INTERNAL SECURITY. FRANK WISNER, DDP, SUGGESTED EISENHOWER TELL CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS “WE ARE TRYING TO PURGE GVT OF COMMUNIST ELEMENTS.” COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 265 GUATEMALA, 54 WITH DECISION TO OVERTHROW GVT THE DOS SOLICITED NEWSMEN TO WRITE ABOUT EVENTS. ONE DOS MEMO SAID ITS OFFICERS SHOULD VISIT AN EDITOR OF FORTUNE, CHARLES MURPHY, PRESUMABLY TO LEAK HIM “FAVORABLE STORIES,” AND ANOTHER SAID THE SIMILAR IDEA RE DREW PEARSON. THE NATION 10/28/78 P442 GUATEMALA, 80 GUATEMALAN CITIZENS WITH CIA LINKS CONTRIBUTED ALLEGED $10 MILLION TO REAGAN ELECTION CAMPAIGN. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 53-4 GUATEMALA, 54 OPA-LOCKA MARINE AIR BASE IS BASE FOR CIA OVERTURN OP. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 110 GUATEMALA, MEDIA, 54 DULLES LIED TO NYT TO GET TIME’S BEST REPORTER OUT OF CENTRAL AMERICA BEFORE COUP. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT XIII IRAN, GUATEMALA. CIA LEAKED DETAILS IRAN AND GUATEMALA OP RICHARD AND GLADYS HARKNESS FOR SERIES ARTICLES. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 106-7 ISRAEL, 60-93 FOR DECADES ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B’NAI B’RITH HAS RUN A PRIVATE SPY NET. MAINTAINED FILES ON 950 ORGANIZATIONS AND NEARLY 10,000 INDIVIDUALS. ADL COOPERATED WITH STATE, FEDERAL, AND FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE ENTITIES. SHARING INCLUDED CONFIDENTIAL INFO WAS ILLEGAL, A THREAT TO CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND AN INFRINGEMENT ON RIGHT TO PRIVACY. THOSE INVOLVED INCLUDED TOM GERARD, ROY BULLOCK, IRWIN SUALL, THOMAS HALPERIN, ETC. GERARD WAS AN OFFICER OF SAN FRAN POLICE DEPT SINCE 68 WHO CLAIMS FROM 82-85, HE TOOK A 3-YEAR LEAVE TO SERVE WITH CIA IN EL SALVADOR (WITH DEATH SQUADS), HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA AS A BOMB EXPERT. HE ALSO CLAIMED TO HAVE SERVED IN ALGERIA AND AFGHANISTAN. IN POLICE SEARCH THEY FOUND IN GERARD’S LOCKER SOME SOUVENIRS OF CIA DAYS, 10 PASSPORTS IN DIFFERENT NAMES, CIA MANUALS. LOOSE-LEAF BINDER HAD MORE THAN 100 NAMES AND PHONE NUMBERS TITLED “INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES DIV, SPECIAL ACTIVITIES GROUP” WHICH HANDLES CIA’S PM OPS. HE SAID IT WAS A WHO’S WHO OF CIA AND HE STASHED MATERIAL IN 85 WHEN HE LEFT CIA IN CASE HE EVER NEEDED PROTECTION. A LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS FOUND IN ADL’S FILES. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) SUMMER 93 29-37 MEDIA. AUTHORS ARTICLES IN SAT EVEN POST R. AND G. HARKNESS STATED THEY SPENT YEAR WITH CIA IN PREPARING SERIES ARTICLES IN OCT/NOV 54 CLAIMED CIA HAD ROLE EGYPT REVOLT OF 52, GUATEMALA 54 AND IRAN 53. KWITNY, J. (1984). ENDLESS ENEMIES 165 MEDIA. NEW YORK TIMES REPORTER SIDNEY GRUSON AS A RESULT OF PRESSURE BY ALLEN DULLES WAS KEPT OUT OF GUATEMALA DURING UNFOLDING OF CIA’S COVERT OP. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 28 PAST 6 YEARS INSLAW CORP OF D.C. IN COURTS CHARGING JUSTICE DEPT ROBBED IT OF SOFTWARE PROGRAM PROMIS (PROSECUTOR’S MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM) AND THEN INITIATED A COVER-UP. PROMIS ALLOWS ANY LAW-ENFORCEMENT ELEMENT TO TRACK CASES ALSO ALLOWS MERGING OF DIFFERENT DATABASES. OWNER BILL HAMILTON BELIEVES PROMIS INTEGRATED INTO CIA’S COMPUTER NET IN 83 JUSTICE DEPT PER HAMILTON TURNED INTERNATIONAL MARKETING OF SYSTEM OVER TO EARL BRIAN – OWNER OF UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL AS A REWARD FOR BRIAN’S ALLEGED ROLE IN 80 OCTOBER SURPRISE. PROMIS SOLD FOREIGN INTEL SERVICES AROUND WORLD – SOUTH KOREA, LIBYA, JORDAN, GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY, FRANCE, AUSTRALIA, THAILAND, JAPAN, CHILE, GUATEMALA, BRAZIL AND CANADA. SALES ALSO FUNDED OFF-THE-BOOK COVERT OPS. NSA USES PROMIS AS A TROJAN HORSE TO INFILTRATE INTEL FILES OF THOSE COUNTRIES. HAMILTON SUSPECTS PROMIS BEING USED FOR DOMESTIC INTEL MARRYING FBI AND DEA DATABASES WITH THOSE OF CIA. HAMILTON WON COURT CASES BUT IT ULTIMATELY OVERTURNED. ARI BEN MENASHE CLAIMS THAT BRIAN ONE OF TWO REAGAN-BUSH CAMPAIGN REPS RE OCTOBER SURPRISE. CANADIAN STOCKBROKER JOHN BELTON IN 87 FILED A SECURITIES FRAUD AGAINST BRIAN AND OTHERS. BRIAN OWNS HADRON INC. THAT IN 83 TRIED TO ACQUIRE INSLAW. IN THESE TIMES 2/4/92 4-5 TAIWAN, 59-76 BEGINNING IN 59 WITH COVERT SUPPORT FROM CIA, TAIPEI ESTABLISHED PROGRAM FOR ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ACROSS AFRICA, LATIN AMERICA, AND SOUTHEAST ASIA. ONE PEACE-CORPS TYPE OP. KMT SET UP TRAINING OPS FOR ARMED SERVICES OF SINGAPORE, PHILIPPINES, AND VARIOUS LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS. MILITARY ADVISORS SENT TO HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA. CORE OF WHAT TAIWAN OFFERED WAS POLITICAL WARFARE ACADEMY (PWA). SINCE EARLY 70s, KMT HANDED OUT HUNDREDS OF EXPENSE PAID TRIPS TO ACADEMY – POPULAR ESPECIALLY WITH LATIN AMERICANS. PWA PAINTED A BLACK-AND-WHITE WORLD OF PRO-COMMUNIST AND ANTI-COMMUNIST, IN WHICH ANYTHING JUSTIFIED TO PROTECT AGAINST RED MENACE. WORLD ANTI-COMMUNIST LEAGUE FOUNDED IN 66 BY TAIWAN AND S. KOREA. WACL A COLLECTION OF ROGUES AND REACTIONARIES FROM FAR RIGHT. BY MID-70s, WACL HAD GROWN TO DOZENS OF CHAPTERS ON SIX CONTINENTS. WITH WACL’S HELP, KMT BROUGHT MOST STRIDENTLY ANTI-COMMUNIST FACTIONS TO PWA. KAPLAN, D. (1992). FIRES OF THE DRAGON: POLITICS, MURDER, AND THE KUOMINTANG 215-6 THE CHIEF PR OFFICER OF UNITED FRUIT COMPANY SAID “A GREAT DEAL OF THE NEWS WHICH APPEARED IN THE NORTH AMERICAN PRESS WAS SUPPLIED, EDITED AND SOMETIMES MADE UP BY UNITED FRUIT’S PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPT.” DURING THE PERIOD WHEN BOTH “COMPANIES” (UF AND THE CIA) WERE LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE OVERTHROW OF THE GUATEMALAN DEMOCRACY. Z MAGAZINE 11/88 14 WATERGATE SAID INVOLVE RECYCLING FOREIGN FUNDS IN U.S. ELECTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL POWER STRUGGLE 70-87 BETWEEN FACTIONS COMPETING FOR CIA INFLUENCE. CARTER REFORMS OF CIA SAID TO HAVE FORGED CLOSER INTERNATIONAL PRO-COVERT ACTION ALLIANCE WHICH BACKED REAGAN PRES BID AND PUSHED CONTRA OP TO RESURRECT ACTIVIST CIA. CONSPIRACY SAID TO INVOLVE GUATEMALA, ARGENTINA, TAIWAN, WACL, SPEC OPS/CIA VETS. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 20-49 DRUGS AN OPEN LETTER TO MEMBERS OF CONGRESS RE THE LINK BETWEEN U.S./CIA/POLICY AND DRUG SMUGGLERS IN LAOS, CAMBODIA, VIETNAM, THAILAND, AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, PANAMA, COSTA RICA, HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA. UNCLASSIFIED 11/91 10-11 MEXICO, GUATEMALA, 81-84 CIA TRAINED GUATEMALAN GUERRILLAS IN EARLY 1980S AT A RANCH NEAR VERACRUZ, MEXICO, OWNED BY DRUG LORD RAFAEL CARO QUNTERO, ONE OF THE MURDERERS OF U.S. DRUG AGENT “KIKI” CAMARENA, ACCORDING TO DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMIN REPORT MADE PUBLIC HERE. WP 7/5/90, A8. DOJ ASKED IRAN-CONTRA PROSECUTOR WALSH’S OFFICE REVIEW ALLEGATIONS CIA USED RANCH OF MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKER AS A TRAINING BASE IN EARLY 80S. WP 7/6/90, A4. JUDGE IN ENRIQUE “KIKI” CAMARENA MURDER TRIAL TODAY CALLED “INCOMPETENT” TESTIMONY OF A PROSECUTION WITNESS WHO HAD ALLEGED THAT MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKERS WERE LINKED WITH CIA AND WERE HELPING TO ARM NICARAGUAN REBELS. WASHINGTON POST 7/17/90, A11 ECONOMIC WAR GUATEMALA, 54 U.S. POLITICAL ACTION OFFICER IN GUATEMALA, JOHN HILL, LISTED SEVERAL ECONOMIC MEASURES TO KEEP GUATEMALA OFF BALANCE. 1. DIVERT GAS TANKERS; 2. CREDIT FROM U.S. INSTITUTIONS THREATENED OR STOPPED. 3. FLIGHT OF CAPITAL – CIA PLANNED A RUMOR CAMPAIGN TO STIMULATE A BUSINESS PANIC. COOK, B. (1981). THE DECLASSIFIED EISENHOWER 271 ELECTION 84-87 NED PROGRAMS TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN CHILE AND PARAGUAY. IN HAITI WORKING TO MOLD NEW DEMOCRATIC CONSENSUS. IN PHILIPPINES NED THRU ITS 4 CORE GRANTEES – FTUI, CIPE, NDI, NRI AND IN COOPERATION WITH YMCA CONTRIBUTED TO TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY 2/86. SENT INTERNATIONAL OBSERVER DELEGATION TO FEB ELECTIONS, WHICH HELPED TURN TIDE. IN GUATEMALA NED SUPPORTED BUSINESSMEN TO DEVELOP NON-PARTISAN POLITICAL FORUM AND HELPED GET OUT VOTE IN 85 ELECTIONS. IN HAITI SUPPORT GIVEN TO EMERGING TRADE UNION MOVEMENT, TO 5 BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS, AND TO ESTABLISH CENTER FOR RESEARCH, CIVIC EDUCATION AND ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE. IN CHILE NED SUPPORTING BROAD GROUP OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL FORCES. IN PARAGUAY ASSISTANCE TO LABOR, BUSINESS, AND INTELLECTUAL ORGS, AND TO RADIO NANDUTI. IN GUYANA NED SUPPORTING “STABROEK NEWS.” NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 87 10 CENTRAL AMERICA, 80-90 UNDER ELECTORAL FACADE CIVILIAN REGIMES IN GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR ARE JUST PUBLIC RELATIONS GAME, AIMED AT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY–ARMIES RULE THESE COUNTRIES. THE NATION 3/5/90 310 CENTRAL AMERICA, 84-90 CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY, MAJOR GRANT PROJECT OF NRI IS COMPOSED OF 4 REGIONAL THINK TANKS, EACH AFFILIATED WITH A RIGHTWING POLITICAL PARTY FOR ASSOCIATES IN HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, AND COSTA RICA, E.G., HONDURAN CENTER FOR ECONOMIC POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES; IN GUATEMALA, THE POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE AND THE CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES; AND, COSTA RICA’S APDLD. COHA AND THE RESOURCE CENTER, (1990). NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY 48 CENTRAL AMERICA, 84 “THE GENERALS STILL RUN LATIN DEMOCRACIES.” IN HONDURAS, PANAMA, EL SALVADOR NOW JOINED BY GUATEMALA, THE MILITARY IS THE SOURCE OF POWER. ELECTED CIVILIAN PRESIDENTS ARE MERELY THOSE WHO BARGAIN TO SHARE SOME POWER. THE U.S. SEEMS TO DECLARE THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN PLACE ONCE AN ELECTION HELD. CONGRESS ACCEPTS THE ELECTIONS AS DEMOCRACY IN DECIDING U.S. AID. WASHINGTON POST 11/10/85 D1,4 CENTRAL AMERICA, 87 NED/NRI TO FORM CENTRAL AMERICAN ACADEMY WITH INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS, REGIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES TO SERVE AS A CENTER FOR TEACHING RE DEMOCRACY. GRANTS TO BE GIVEN ASSOCIATION FOR THE DEFENSE OF COSTA RICAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY A POLITICAL INSTITUTE OF MOVIMIENTO ACCION SOLIDARIA (MAS) IN GUATEMALA, AND AN INSTITUTE OF THE NATIONAL PARTY IN HONDURAS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 87 66 GUATEMALA, 84-85 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS (CEDEP) – CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES FUNDED BY NED – PUBLISHES QUARTERLY JOURNAL. NED GRANT BY CARIBBEAN CENTRAL AMERICAN ACTION, A D.C.-BASED NON-PROFIT TO HELP OPS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 84,85 GUATEMALA, 84-85 FTUI FUNDING ELECTION ACTIVITIES VIA CONFEDERATION DE UNIDAD SINDICAL DE GUATEMALA. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS REPORTS 84,85 GUATEMALA, 85 NED SUPPORT FOR PROGRAMS BY CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS (CEDEP) IN CONJUNCTION WITH NOVEMBER 85 ELECTIONS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1985 46 GUATEMALA, 86-87 USIP, MEMBER, ALLEN WEINSTEIN, HISTORY PROFESSOR AT BOSTON U, WAS FIRST ACTING DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY. UNDER AUSPICES OF HIS WASHINGTON-BASED CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY, WEINSTEIN PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN U.S. ELECTORAL INTERVENTION STRATEGY. IN 86 WEINSTEN LED A TEAM OF U.S. OBSERVERS TO PHILIPPINES TO PRESSURE MARCOS REGIME REGARDING VOTE FRAUD AND PAVE WAY FOR TRANSITION TO CORY AQUINO’S RULE. SUBSEQUENTLY, CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY WAS A TOP NED CONDUIT TO U.S. BACKED UNO COALITION IN NICARAGUA. AT ABOUT THAT TIME, CENTER CONTRACTED WITH AID TO TRAIN SELECTED GUATEMALAN POLITICAL LEADERS IN “DEMOCRATIC” PROCEDURES. Z SUMMER 90 112 GUATEMALA, 90 GUATEMALA’S NOV ELECTION GAVE THE NEW YORK TIMES A PERFECT OPPORTUNITY TO WHITEWASH U.S. POLICY. LIES OF OUR TIME 4/91 15-16 GUATEMALA, 58 CIA MISTRUSTED YDIGORAS AND SURREPTITIOUSLY PROVIDED CRUZ SALAZAR $97,000 IN CAMPAIGN FUNDS. BUT YDIGORAS WON. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 237 IN 89 THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED), A SMALL PRIVATE FOUNDATION CHARTERED AND FUNDED BY CONGRESS TO “PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD.” NED DOLES OUT MONEY $15.8 MILLION IN 89 TO PRIVATE U.S.-BASED GROUPS. MOST MONEY GOES TO INSTITUTES AFFILIATED WITH 4 ENTITIES: AFL-CIO, THE U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. ALL 4 RUN THEIR OWN MINIATURE STATE DEPTS. THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE USES MONEY 1.7 MILLION TO HELP CONSERVATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA. A MAJOR PROJECT OF THE INSTITUTE IS THE CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY WHICH COMPRISES 4 THINK TANKS IN THE AREA. THE HONDURAN COMPONENT IS THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES. IN GUATEMALA IT IS THE POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE (ACAP). ANOTHER IN GUATEMALA IS THE CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES. IN COSTA RICA THE ASSOCIATION FOR DEFENSE OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY. ALL 4 THINK TANKS AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRAT UNION (IDU), A CONFEDERATION OF CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL PARTIES FROM 20 COUNTRIES, FIRST CONVENED IN LONDON IN 83 . THE NED ENGAGES OPENLY IN THE TYPE OF WORK ONCE RESERVED FOR THE CIA-PROMOTING POLITICAL PARTIES, FUNDING PROPAGANDA, INFLUENCING CAMPAIGNS, COURTING TRADE UNIONS, ETC. THE NATION 12/18/89 744-746 IN 89 THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED), A SMALL PRIVATE FUNDATION CHARTERED AND FUNDED BY CONGRESS TO “PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD.” NED DOLES OUT MONEY $15.8 MILLION IN 89 TO PRIVATE U.S.-BASED GROUPS. MOST MONEY GOES TO INSTITUTES AFFILIATED WITH 4 ENTITIES: AFL-CIO, THE U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. ALL 4 RUN THEIR OWN MINIATURE STATE DEPTS. THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE USES MONEY 1.7 MILLION TO HELP CONSERVATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA. A MAJOR PROJECT OF THE INSTITUTE IS THE CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY WHICH COMPRISES 4 THINK TANKS IN THE AREA. THE HONDURAN COMPONENT IS THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES. IN GUATEMALA IT IS THE POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE (ACAP). ANOTHER IN GUATEMALA IS THE CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES. IN COSTA RICA THE ASSOCIATION FOR DEFENSE OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY. ALL 4 THINK TANKS AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRAT UNION (IDU), A CONFEDERATION OF CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL PARTIES FROM 20 COUNTRIES, FIRST CONVENED IN LONDON IN 83 . THE NED ENGAGES OPENLY IN THE TYPE OF WORK ONCE RESERVED FOR THE CIA-PROMOTING POLITICAL PARTIES, FUNDING PROPAGANDA, INFLUENCING CAMPAIGNS, COURTING TRADE UNIONS, ETC. THE NATION 12/18/89 744-746 IN CENTRAL AMERICA NRI FUNDED CIVIC EDUCATION AND VOTER MOBILIZATION PROJECT IN GUATEMALA ($79,241). CIPE COMMITTED $45,000 TO SUPPORT MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE, PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION AUGMENTED BY LATER ($56,000). NCRL STUDY, ASSIGNED DATE 12/86 LATIN AMERICA, 84 NRIIA IMPLEMENTING PROGRAMS FOR FISCAL YEAR 84: DEMOCRAT UNION OF AMERICAS (DUA) – TO CREATE REGIONAL POLITICAL ORG FOR POLITICAL PARTIES IN REGION; TO ASSIST CONSERVATIVE PARTY OF COLOMBIA AND PARTY’S NUEVA COLOMBIA INSTITUTE AND CURRICULUM ON DEMOCRACY AT SIMON BOLIVAR UNIVERSITY; HOLDING SEMINARS IN GRENADA; SUPPORTING PARTIES IN BOLIVIA; IN GUATEMALA TO FUND NATIONAL OPINION POLL (ALSO IN 1985 REPORT P 8); FUNDING CONFERENCE ORGANIZED BY CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; HOSTING A CONFERENCE FOR SCHOLARS, POLITICAL ACTIVISTS, ETC.; PROMOTING STUDY OF DEMOCRACY IN PORTUGAL, ETC. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1984 35-6 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE (NDI) HAD PROJECTS IN ARGENTINA, CHILE, HAITI, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, AND PARAGUAY. NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE (NRI) HAD PROJECTS IN ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA, CHILE, COSTA RICA, DOMINICA, GUATEMALA, MEXICO, AND NICARAGUA. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, “DEMOCRACY INTERVENTION: A WHO’S WHO OF NGOS.” 4/26/92 5-22 NED BASED ON 3 MODELS INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL AID: CLANDESTINE SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL PARTIES, LABOR UNIONS, ACADEMICS, AND OTHER PRIVATE ORGS.; OPS OF AFL-CIO’S FOREIGN LABOR INSTITUTES; AND, INTERNATIONAL OPS OF WEST GERMAN POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS. LATTER INCLUDE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FRIEDRICH EBERT FOUNDATION AND RIGHTWING CHRISTIAN SOCIALIST UNION’S HANNS SEIDEL FOUNDATION. THE KONRAD ADENAUER FOUNDATION KNOWN FOR MANIPULATING POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN 60-69 AND IN CHILE IN 60s AND GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR IN 80-89 FROM 60S ONWARD IT A LAUNDRY FOR CIA FUNDS; E.G. IN 84 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN EL SALVADOR IT A CONDUIT OF CIA MONEY IN AMOUNT OF $350,000 FOR DUARTE. FORMER CIA PROPAGANDA EXPERT WALTER RAYMOND JR. DETAILED TO NSC IN 82 BY DCI CASEY IMPORTANT IN EFFORT. COHA AND THE RESOURCE CENTER, (1990). NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY 12 NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, 82-90 CENTER FOR ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE AND PROMOTION (CAPEL) LOCATED IN COSTA RICA DATES BACK TO 1982. IN 84 CAPEL BECAME PART OF ANOTHER ORGANIZATION FORMED AT THE BEHEST OF U.S. POLICYMAKERS, CENTRAL AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTE. BETWEEN 84-90 CAPEL PROVIDED ASSISTANCE FOR ELECTIONS IN EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HAITI, NICARAGUA, AND ELSEWHERE IN REGION. ITS BOARD INCLUDED BRUCE MCCOLM OF FREEDOM HOUSE; F. CLINTON WHITE FROM NRI, THE CFD AND THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ELECTORAL SYSTEMS; AND RICHARD SCAMMON (FREEDOM HOUSE, IFES, AND CFD). DURING ELECTIONS IN HAITI THE AMBASSADOR STRESSED THAT DIFFERENT NED GROUPS STAY BEHIND CAPEL COVER TO MINIMIZE THE APPEARANCE OF U.S. INTERFERENCE IN VOTING. IN NICARAGUA SONIA PICADDO SUPPORTED UNO THRU CAPEL. ROBINSON, W. (1992). A FAUSTIAN BARGAIN 99 PHILIPPINES, 86 USIP, MEMBER, ALLEN WEINSTEIN, HISTORY PROFESSOR AT BOSTON U, WAS FIRST ACTING DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY. UNDER AUSPICES OF HIS WASHINGTON-BASED CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY, WEINSTEIN PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN U.S. ELECTORAL INTERVENTION STRATEGY. IN 86 WEINSTEN LED A TEAM OF U.S. OBSERVERS TO PHILIPPINES TO PRESSURE MARCOS REGIME REGARDING VOTE FRAUD AND PAVE WAY FOR TRANSITION TO CORY AQUINO’S RULE. SUBSEQUENTLY, CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY WAS A TOP NED CONDUIT TO U.S. BACKED UNO COALITION IN NICARAGUA. AT ABOUT THAT TIME, CENTER CONTRACTED WITH AID TO TRAIN SELECTED GUATEMALAN POLITICAL LEADERS IN “DEMOCRATIC” PROCEDURES. Z SUMMER 90 112 THE CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY (CFD) IS FUNDED BY NED. IN COSTA RICA IT HELD A COLLOQUY ON “DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL AMERICA.” PETER KELLY AND ALLEN WEINSTEIN REPRESENTED CDF. IN 5/89, TEN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES OR THEIR REPS FROM COSTA RICA, HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR, AND GUATEMALA MET BEFORE THE SAN JOSE COLLOQUY UNDER CENTER AUSPICES. GUATEMALA – CENTER MAINTAINS AN OFFICE IN GUATEMALA IN CONJUNCTION WITH ITS $2 MILLION AID-FUNDED PROJECT TO SUPPORT INSTITUTIONAL AND LOGISTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CONGRESS OF GUATEMALA. PROJECT IS CO-CHAIRED BY ALLEN WEINSTEIN AND THE PRESIDENT OF THE GUATEMALAN CONGRESS. CENTER’S GOAL IS TO TRAIN MEMBERS OF GUATEMALAN CONGRESS ON DEMOCRATIC PROCEDURES THROUGH SEMINARS AND TRAINING PROGRAMS. PROGRAM BRINGS PROCEDURAL, LEGISLATIVE, AND ACADEMIC “EXPERTS” TO TRAIN MEMBERS OF GUATEMALAN CONGRESS, AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TRAVEL TO OBSERVE FUNCTIONING OF OTHER WESTERN DEMOCRACIES. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT FILES INSLAW PRES BILL HAMILTON SAYS HE HAS INFO THAT PROMIS ILLEGALLY SOLD TO SOUTH KOREA, LIBYA, JORDAN, GREAT BRITAIN (ENGLAND), GERMANY, FRANCE, AUSTRALIA, THAILAND, JAPAN, CHILE, GUATEMALA, BRAZIL, AND CANADA. IN THESE TIMES 6/11/91 11-13 FLAP CUBA, 60-61 INFLUENCE OF CIA’S SUCCESS IN OVERTHROWING GVT OF GUATEMALA IN 54 CIA DISREGARDED VAST DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CUBA AND GUATEMALA AND SET STAGE FOR DISASTER. ESCAMBRAY GUERRILLAS, FOR A WHILE WERE FOCUS OF ANTI-CASTRO RESISTANCE. THEY ALTERNATIVELY MENTIONED AS A HOPE FOR INVASION SUCCESS, OR AS A FAILURE AT CHALLENGING CASTRO’S REGIME. MONTHS BEFORE LANDING CIA HAD DECIDED GUERRILLAS WERE POLITICALLY UNRELIABLE AND REFUSED TO AID THEM. ATTACKED BY SUPERIOR FORCES AT TIME OF INVASION THEY HAD PRACTICALLY CEASED TO EXIST. BOARD OF INQUIRY ON THE BAY OF PIGS. (1981). OPERATION ZAPATA XI CUBA, GUATEMALA, 60 GUATEMALAN NEWSPAPER LA HORA ISSUED A REPORT ON 30 OCT 60 DESCRIBING TRAX TRAINING CAMP IN GUATEMALA AS A BASE FOR CUBAN EXILES TO OVERTHROW FIDEL CASTRO. HAYNES, J. (1964). THE BAY OF PIGS: THE LEADER’S STORY OF BRIGADE 2506 49 GUATEMALA, 51 CIA TECHNICAL INSTALLATION IN THE HQS OF THE GUATEMALAN COMMUNIST PARTY WAS TRACED BACK TO THE CIA STATION. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 83 FOUNDATION GUATEMALA, 54 TO COVER OVERTURN OP CIA SET UP A MEDICAL INSTITUTE AS A CHARITABLE FOUNDATION. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 115 IN 89 THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED), A SMALL PRIVATE FOUNDATION CHARTERED AND FUNDED BY CONGRESS TO “PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD.” NED DOLES OUT MONEY $15.8 MILLION IN 89 TO PRIVATE U.S.-BASED GROUPS. MOST MONEY GOES TO INSTITUTES AFFILIATED WITH 4 ENTITIES: AFL-CIO, THE U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. ALL 4 RUN THEIR OWN MINIATURE STATE DEPTS. THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE USES MONEY 1.7 MILLION TO HELP CONSERVATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA. A MAJOR PROJECT OF THE INSTITUTE IS THE CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY WHICH COMPRISES 4 THINK TANKS IN THE AREA. THE HONDURAN COMPONENT IS THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES. IN GUATEMALA IT IS THE POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE (ACAP). ANOTHER IN GUATEMALA IS THE CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES. IN COSTA RICA THE ASSOCIATION FOR DEFENSE OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY. ALL 4 THINK TANKS AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRAT UNION (IDU), A CONFEDERATION OF CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL PARTIES FROM 20 COUNTRIES, FIRST CONVENED IN LONDON IN 83 . THE NED ENGAGES OPENLY IN THE TYPE OF WORK ONCE RESERVED FOR THE CIA-PROMOTING POLITICAL PARTIES, FUNDING PROPAGANDA, INFLUENCING CAMPAIGNS, COURTING TRADE UNIONS, ETC. THE NATION 12/18/89 744-746 FRONT ORG ARGENTINA, 92 ARTICLE, “WOMEN AND CIVIC LIFE IN ARGENTINA,” BY MARIA ROSA S. DE MARTINI, PRESIDENT OF CONCIENCIA & SOFIA L. DE PINEDO. ARTICLE DISCUSSES CONCIENCIA, A NONPARTISAN ARGENTINE WOMEN’S ORG WHOSE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN ARTICLE. CONCIENCIA FOUNDED IN 82 FOCUSES ON ESTABLISHING DEMOCRACY – DESCRIBES PROJECTS. LINKED PAN-AMERICAN CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS ARE ADOMUVI (D.R.), ANCIFEM (MEXICO), CEDEP (GUATEMALA), CIM (HONDURAS), CONCIENCIA (PERU, BRAZIL, ECUADOR, COLUMBIA, ECUADOR, CONCIENCIA-CUBANA (BASED IN MIAMI), PIMUDE (EL SALVADOR), PARTICIPA (CHILE), MUJERES POR LA DEMOCRACIA (PARAGUAY), INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS SOCIALES Y ECONOMICOS (CALI, COLUMBIA) AND ENCUENTRO (URUGUAY). JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY (NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY) 7/92 138-146 FROM 86-91 MUCH OF AMERICARES AID GOES TO CENTRAL AMERICA AND USSR BLOC COUNTRIES SUCH AS AFGHANISTAN, ETHIOPIA, ARMENIA AND POLAND. AID GIVEN TO NICARAGUA AFTER CHAMORRO WON THE 90 ELECTION. KNIGHTS OF MALTA DISTRIBUTED AID. KNIGHTS, AMERICARES PARTNER IN MOST OF WORLD. KNIGHTS POWERFUL VATICAN ORDER WITH EXTENSIVE AND CLOSE TIES TO INTEL ORGS IN WEST EUROPE AND U.S. IN 84 AMERICARES EVACUATED MUJAHEDDEN TO WALTER REED HOSPITAL IN D.C. PROVIDES MEDICAL SUPPLIES TO 57 CLINICS IN AFGHANISTAN. IN CENTRAL AMERICA KNIGHTS OF MALTA DISTRIBUTE MUCH OF AMERICARES AID. ROBERTO ALEJOS ARZU, A WEALTHY GUATEMALAN WORKS WITH AMERICARES. AMERICARES AID DISTRIBUTED ALSO BY AIR COMMANDOS OF HARRY ADERHOLT. ALEJOS’ PLANTATION SERVED AS CIA TRG BASE FOR BAY OF PIGS INVASION. SANDINISTAS ACCUSE AMERICARES OF BEING A CIA FRONT. VILLAGE VOICE 1/8/91 22-31 GUATEMALA, 53-54 IN OP PBSUCCESS CIA CREATED DUMMY ARMS COMPANY, INTERNATIONAL ARMAMENT CORPORATION (INTERARMCO) TO SERVE AS CONDUIT FOR ARMS TO NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS. CIA USED VARIETY DUMMY ORGANIZATIONS TO SEND PLANES TO REBELS. NATIONAL GUARD UNITS IN SOUTHERN U.S. LOANED PLANES TO CIA, WHICH RENTED THEM TO NICARAGUA FOR ONE DOLLAR EACH. AIR FORCE OF A DOZEN PLANES. TREVERTON, G. (1987). COVERT ACTION 63 GUATEMALA, 85-86 AIR COMMANDO ASSOCIATION (ACA). THE PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA, IN 85 INVITED ACA TO ESTABLISH A MEDICAL RELIEF PROGRAM IN IXIL TRIANGLE IN WAR-TORN GUATEMALAN HIGHLANDS. ACA’S MAIN ACTIVITIES TOOK PLACE AT NEBAJ WHERE, IN COOPERATION WITH ARMY OF GUATEMALA, ACA ESTABLISHED A CLINIC. NEBAJ IS AN ENCLOSED CAMP THAT WAS PART OF THE GVT’S PROGRAM TO RELOCATE INDIANS DISPLACED BY ARMY’S CI CAMPAIGNS. ACA AND THE NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL DELIVERED MEDICAL SUPPLIES FOR GUATEMALA’S CONTROVERSIAL RESETTLEMENT PROGRAM. IN 87, ACA CHANGED ITS NAME FOR ITS GUATEMALAN OPS TO THRESHOLD FOUNDATION. US AID HAS SUPPLIED ACA WITH FREE TRANSPORTATION FROM MICHIGAN TO MIAMI FOR WMR GOODS. “OPERATION BLESSING” OF EVANGELICAL CHRISTIAN BROADCASTING NETWORK ALSO PROVIDED MEDICINAL SUPPLIES. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT GUATEMALA, 87-88 NED/ROOSEVELT CENTER FOR AMERICAN POLICY STUDIES FUNDING ASOCIACION DE INVESTIGACION Y ESTUDIOS SOCIALES (ASIES) TO HOLD SEMINAR RE DEMOCRACY. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 87 55,88 39 GUATEMALA, 88 NED/DELPHI INTERNATIONAL FUNDING CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES (CEDEP) PLANS FOR WOMEN’S CONFERENCE. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 88 39 GUATEMALA, 89 NED/NRIIA, FOR CENTER FOR ECONOMIC STUDIES (CEES). CEES PROMOTES FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES WITHIN BUSINESS, EDUCATIONAL AND POLITICAL CIRCLES. $36,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 89 33 LATIN AMERICA, 85 NED/CIPE SUPPORT FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF EMPLOYERS (IOE), GENEVA SWITZERLAND FOR WORK IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; INSTITUTO LIBERTAD Y DEMOCRACIA (ILD) LIMA, PERU; PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (PADF) A FOLLOW-ON TO 84 PROGRAM ON NICARAGUA; CAMARA DE LA LIBRE EMPRESA, GUATEMALA; RESPUESTA FOUNDATION FOR DEFENCE OF LIBERTY, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA; ASOCIACIAON CRISTIANA DE DIREGENTES DE EMPRESSA, (ACDE), URUGUAY; CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE LA LABERTAD, ARGENTIA; FUNDACION DEL TUCUMAN, ARGENTINA; INSTITUDIO COLOMBIANO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE INCOLDA, COLUMBIA; INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS (IDEC), ARGENTIA; ACCION INTERNATIONAL IN WASH, D.C. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1985 40-1 LATIN AMERICA, 85 NED/FTUI SUPPORTED “LABOR RIGHTS WATCH” PROGRAM. AT CENTER IS “INTER-AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON HUMAN AND TRADE RIGHTS.” ESTABLISHED IN 85, COMMITTEE INVESTIGATES VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGHOUT HEMISPHERE. EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED ON CHILE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, NICARAGUA, PARAGUAY AND SURINAME. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1985 29 NICARAGUA, AIR COMMANDERS ASSOCIATION LED BY HEINIE ADERHOLT, DISTRIBUTED AID TO MISKITO INDIANS AND CONTRA FAMILIES IN HONDURAS AND WORKED WITH GUATEMALA ARMY “CIVIC ACTION” PROGRAM. SKLAR, H. (1988). WASHINGTON’S WAR ON NICARAGUA 237 WORLD MEDICAL RELIEF (WMR) – INFO AS OF 9/90. WMR DONATES EQUIPMENT AND MEDICINES TO HOSPITALS, CLINICS AND DISPENSARIES. WMR SUPPLIES OFTEN HAVE BEEN SHIPPED BY INTERNATIONAL AID, AIR COMMANDO ASSOCIATION, OR U.S. MILITARY TRANSPORT. WMR FOUNDERS ARE FUNDAMENTALIST CHRISTIANS AND IT IS AVOWEDLY ANTICOMMUNIST. A GOOD PORTION OF ITS EFFORTS HAVE BEEN DIRECTED TO GROUPS WORKING TO OVERTHROW COMMUNIST REGIMES OR DEFEAT COMMUNIST-LED INSURGENCIES IN AREAS WHERE U.S. HAS BEEN OR IS FIGHTING BATTLES AGAINST PERCEIVED COMMUNIST AGGRESSORS. WMR HAS DEVELOPED A “COZY RELATIONSHIP” WITH U.S. MILITARY INTERESTS. IT PLAYED A SUPPORTING ROLE IN CIA’S SECRET WAR IN LAOS IN 60s-70s BY SUPPLYING MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF ASSISTANCE TO HMONG TRIBESMEN THAT MADE UP MAJORITY OF THE 30,000 LAOTIAN IRREGULARS ORGANIZED BY CIA TO FIGHT THE PATHET LAO AND THE NORTH VIETNAMESE. WMR HAS ALSO BEEN CONNECTED TO MILITARY GROUPS SUPPORTING THE REPRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS OF EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT WORLD MEDICAL RELIEF (WMR). SINCE 84 CENTRAL AMERICA, POLAND AND AFGHANISTAN – HAVE BEEN MAJOR RECIPIENTS OF SUPPLIES FROM WMR. IN 1/84 THE AIR COMMANDO ASSOCIATION (ACA) RECEIVED MEDICAL SUPPLIES FROM WMR FOR DISTRIBUTION TO MILITARY IN EL SALVADOR. SOME OF THE SUPPLIES WERE DISTRIBUTED BY A SOLDIER OF FORTUNE AFFILIATE, REFUGEE RELIEF INTERNATIONAL. GUATEMALA: IN 84, ADERHOLT OF ACA WAS CONTACTED BY CHRISTIAN BROADCASTING NETWORK’S OP BLESSING TO SET UP HEALTH CLINICS IN GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED MODEL VILLAGES IN HIGHLANDS WHICH “ARE REALLY VARIATIONS OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS.” CLINICS ARE SUPPLIED BY WMR. CIVILIAN MILITARY ASSISTANCE, A PARAMILITARY GROUP RUN BY TOM POSEY, DISTRIBUTED WMR MEDICAL SUPPLIES. THE NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL IS A LOBBYING AND PARAMILITARY SUPPLY ORGANIZATION STARTED BY ANDY MESSING. THE GROUP HAS DELIVERED SOME $22 MILLION WORTH OF MEDICINES, MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, FOOD AND CLOTHING IN GUATEMALA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, AND COSTA RICA. MEDICINES AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES COME MAINLY FROM WMR. IN LATE 80s WMR SEVERED ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL FOUNDATION, ACA AND ITS NONPROFIT ARM, THRESHOLD FOUNDATION. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT FUNDING FROM 53-77 THERE A LINK BETWEEN CIA AND THE INVESTMENT BANKING FIRM OF SCHRODERS, LTD, AN INVESTMENT BANK THAT HANDLED CIA FUNDS FOR COVERT OPS. BANK’S INTERESTS OVERLAPPED WITH THOSE OF MANY-CIA INITIATED ACTIONS INCLUDING THE COUP IN IRAN IN 53 THE 54 COUP IN GUATEMALA, AND THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION. NEW TIMES 11/27/78 P24-5 LATIN AMERICA, 58-65 CIA GAVE COSTA RICA’S FIGUERES MONEY TO PUBLISH JOURNAL “COMBATE,” AND TO SPONSOR INSTITUTE OF POLITICAL EDUCATION IN C.R. IN 11/59. INSTITUTE A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR POLITICAL PARTIES OF DEMOCRATIC LEFT FROM C.R., CUBA (EXILE), DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (EXILE), GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA (EXILE), PANAMA, PERU AND VENEZUELA. CIA FUNDED THRU SHELL FOUNDATION KAPLAN FUND NEXT TO INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL LABOR RESEARCH (IILR) IN NEW YORK. SOCIALIST LEADER NORMAN THOMAS HEADED IILR WHO CLAIMED HE IGNORANT OF CIA ROLE. FIGUERES CREATED INTER-AMERICAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT MOVEMENT (INADESMO) A FRONT TO DISPERSE FUNDS DIRECTLY. AMERINGER, C.D. (1990). U.S. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE 256-7 NED BASED ON 3 MODELS INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL AID: CLANDESTINE SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL PARTIES, LABOR UNIONS, ACADEMICS, AND OTHER PRIVATE ORGS.; OPS OF AFL-CIO’S FOREIGN LABOR INSTITUTES; AND, INTERNATIONAL OPS OF WEST GERMAN POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS. LATTER INCLUDE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FRIEDRICH EBERT FOUNDATION AND RIGHTWING CHRISTIAN SOCIALIST UNION’S HANNS SEIDEL FOUNDATION. THE KONRAD ADENAUER FOUNDATION KNOWN FOR MANIPULATING POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN 60-69 AND IN CHILE IN 60s AND GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR IN 80-89 FROM 60S ONWARD IT A LAUNDRY FOR CIA FUNDS; E.G. IN 84 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN EL SALVADOR IT A CONDUIT OF CIA MONEY IN AMOUNT OF $350,000 FOR DUARTE. COHA AND THE RESOURCE CENTER, (1990). NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY 12 GUATEMALA GUATAMALA, FORMER CUBAN MAFIA ASSOC, JOHN MARTINO, WITH LINKS TO KENNEDY ASSASSINATION WENT 70 TO GUATEMALA FOR CIA. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 66, 252 GUATEMALA, 54 GOOD CAPSULE ACCT OF CIA OVERTHROW ARBENZ. CORSON, W.R. (1977). ARMIES OF IGNORANCE 354-358 GUATEMALA, 89 “U.S. RAISES ITS PROFILE IN GUATEMALA – AFTER A DECADE OF ARMS-LENGTH RELATIONS, MILITARY TIES GROWING.” WASHINGTON POST 8/18/89 A25,26 GUATEMALA, 90 ORGANIZING IN GUATEMALA, ARTICLE BY ELEANOR MACGREGOR. Z SUMMER 90 129-134 GUATAMALA, IN 60 IN AIRBORNE LANDING WITH B-26 BOMBERS MANNED BY ANTI-CASTRO REFUGEES IN GUATEMALA, ANTI-CASTRO CUBAN SOLDIERS FROM TRAX BASE AND EXPERIENCED U.S. AIR FORCE PILOTS, CIA PUT DOWN A REVOLT AGAINST YDIGORAS. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 66 GUATAMALA, USIA, 54 PROPAGANDISTS WROTE MORE THAN 200 ARTICLES ABOUT GUATEMALA BASED ON INFO FROM CIA SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTED THEM FOR ANONYMOUS PLACEMENT IN SCORES OF LATIN NEWSPAPERS. USIA SHIPPED MORE THAN 100,000 COPIES PAMPHLET CALLED “CHRONOLOGY OF COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA” 27,000 COPIES OF ANTI-COMMUNISM CARTOONS AND POSTERS WERE DISTRIBUTED. USIA PRODUCED 3 MOVIES ON GUATEMALA. VARIOUS OTHER PRESS OPS DESCRIBED. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 167 HISTORY DAMNED IF YOU COUP…SOME LESSONS FROM THE HISTORY OF COVERT ACTIONS– IRAN 53 GUATEMALA 54 CUBA 61 VIETNAM 63 CHILE 73 GRENADA 83 THE PHILIPPINES 82 NEWSWEEK 10/16/89 34 GUATEMALA, 54 ARTICLE BY FREDERICK W. MARKS, III. CIA AND CASTILLO ARMAS IN GUATEMALA, 1954: NEW CLUES TO AN OLD PUZZLE. DIPLOMATIC HISTORY* WINTER 90 67 20 PAGES GUATEMALA, 54 CLUES DIDN’T CHECK OUT: COMMENTARY ON “THE CIA AND cASTILLO ARMAS.” DIPLOMATIC HISTORY WINTER 90 87 9 PAGES GUATEMALA, 91 SEE 3/91 ISSUE INFORMATION BULLETIN BY GUATEMALA HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION/USA RE GUATEMALA’S NEW CIVILIAN PRESIDENT. 10 PAGES HONDURAS HONDURAS, ARGENTINA PROVIDING ADVISORS 81 TO CONTRAS, CENTRAL AMERICA DEATH SQUADS TO TEACH COUNTERINSURGENCY OPS. TAUGHT; KIDNAP SUSPECT, QUESTION UNDER TORTURE, KILL THEM, KIDNAP ANOTHER REPEAT PROCESS. CALLED “CLEANING OP”. RIGHTIST FROM EL SALVADOR SAID ARGENTINES WERE GREAT HELP TO [GUATEMALA] DEATH SQUADS, BEFORE THEY USED TO KILL RIGHT AWAY. ARGENTINES TAUGHT THEM TO WAIT UNTIL AFTER INTERROGATION. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 130 INTEL F GUATEMALA, 54 CIA EXAGGERATED ITS INTEL CAPABILITIES IN OPERATION SUCCESS. IT FALSELY CLAIMED HAVING INFILTRATED ARBENZ’S STAFF WITH A DOCUMENTED EUROPEAN BUSINESS MAN WHO ACHIEVED THE DEFECTION OF A SENIOR OFFICER. DEFECTOR SUPPOSEDLY PROVIDED UP TO THE MINUTE REPORTS ON ARBENZ’S INTENTIONS AND DISPOSITION OF TROOPS. IN REALITY, CIA WAS POORLY INFORMED THROUGHOUT MUCH OF THE OPERATION. ON 24 JUN 54, ONE DAY PRIOR TO ARMY’S DEFECTION, CIA WAS PESSIMISTIC ABOUT CHANCES FOR SUCCESS. CIA AGENTS HAD NO EXPERIENCE IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND COULD NOT EFFECTIVELY INFILTRATE ARMY. NO CONTINGENCY PLANS EXISTED IF ATTEMPTED COUP SHOULD HAVE FAILED. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 335-337, 373-375 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA INSPECTOR GENERAL LYMAN KIRKPATRICK WAS EXCLUDED FROM OP SUCCESS. HE ALONG WITH RICHARD BISSELL, NOTED THAT NO POST-OP EXAMINATION WAS EVER MADE TO DETERMINE CAUSES OF OPERATION’S APPARENT SUCCESS. OP SUCCESS OVERINFLATED CIA CONFIDENCE, ULTIMATELY LEADING TO BAY OF PIGS DEBACLE. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 372-373 INTEL OP GUATEMALA, MEXICO, 52 H. HUNT TRIED OBTAIN INTEL ON THE INTERNAL SITUATION IN GUATEMALA BY USING MEXICAN BORDER CROSSERS, MOST OF WHOM WERE STUDENTS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 84 INTEL S CENTRAL AMERICA, 78-82 CIA INTEL GOOD RE 78 DOWNFALL OF SOMOZA; INSIGHTFUL DESCRIPTIONS OF GUATEMALA’S INCREASINGLY POLARIZED SOCIETY; DETAILED REPORTING ON ATTITUDES, STRUCTURE, CAPABILITIES AND NEEDS OF VARIOUS MILITARY SERVICES IN C.A.; VALUABLE BACKGROUND PAPERS ON C.A. LEADERS; CAREFUL ANALYSES OF EFFECTS ON ECONOMIES OF THE REGION OF WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND OF DISRUPTION CAUSED BY TERRORISM AND GUERRILLA WAR. HOUSE INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE 9/22/82 P3,4 INTEL-POLICY CENTRAL AMERICA, 78-79 WHEN SOMOZA ABOUT TO FALL THE CIA AND PENTAGON URGED A POLICY BASED ON PREMISE THAT THE INSURRECTION WAS A SOVIET-CUBAN PLOY. ON 2 MAY 79 THE CIA PREPARED AN INTERNAL REPORT ON “CUBAN SUPPORT FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN GUERRILLA GROUPS,” AND LEAKED IT TO THE PRESS. ON 8/2/79 THE PENTAGON AND CIA ARGUED FOR STEPS AGAINST NICARAGUA AND PROTECTIVE AID FOR GUATEMALA AND SALVADOR. IN CONGRESS, REP MURPHY MOUNTED A CAMPAIGN AGAINST CARTER’S NICARAGUAN AID PACKAGE FUELED BY A STEADY STREAM OF LEAKS FROM INTEL AGENCIES. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 6/84 22-3 CENTRAL AMERICA, 79 AT A WHITE HOUSE MEETING 8/2/79, PENTAGON AND CIA REPS WON APPROVAL FOR RESUMING MILITARY AID TO EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. OVER NEXT 3 MONTHS A SERIES OF CIA PRESS LEAKS CONTRADICTED CARTER AND STATE DEPT CLAIMS THAT CUBAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE SANDINISTA TRIUMPH HAD BEEN MINIMAL. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 6/84 P21 GUATEMALA, 5/19/ 53 NATIONAL INTEL ESTIMATE SAID SITUATION GUATEMALA ADVERSE U.S. INTERESTS AND THAT COMMUNIST INFLUENCE LIKELY GROW UNDER ARBENZ. DISCUSSED CONFISCATION UNITED FRUIT LAND AND SAID MILITARY ONLY ORGANIZED ELEMENT. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 19 GUATEMALA, 54 HORROR STORIES REACHED WASHINGTON VIA HOWARD HUNT’S ATROCITY STORIES – A DELEGATION OF ANTI-COMMUNIST STUDENTS HAD THEIR TESTICLES WIRED-UP AND POWER-HOSED THEIR MOUTHS AND RECTUMS. THESE HELPFUL IN OVERCOMING QUALMS AROUND AGENCY. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 339-348 GUATEMALA, CIRCA 53-54 CIA REPORTED ARBENZ REGIME ARMING ITS SUPPORTERS IN LABOR UNIONS AGAINST CONSERVATIVE ARMY AND POSSIBLE INVASION FROM EL SALVADOR. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 17 LABOR CENTRAL AMERICA, 85 “TRIP REPORT BY WESTERN STATES AFL-CIO DELEGATION TO CENTRAL AMERICA.” TRIP SPONSORED BY AFL-CIO AND COORDINATED BY AIFLD. VISITED NICARAGUA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, AND GUATEMALA. REPORT 6/85 GUATEMALA 54 AFL JOINS UNITED FRUIT IN SUPPORT RIGHT WING COUP. LABOR ORGANIZING, ENCOURAGED UNDER CIVILIAN GVT, OUTLAWED UNDER SUBSEQUENT MILITARY RULE. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 19 GUATEMALA, 47-74 LABOR OPS FROM 1947-74. COUNTERSPY WINTER 75 44-45 GUATEMALA, 89-91 NED/FTUI, TO EXTEND ASSISTANCE TO POLITICAL EDUCATION COMMITTEE OF GUATEMALAN CONFEDERATION OF LABOR UNITY (CUSG). 1989 $32,000, 1990 $40,000, 1991 $60,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 89 33, 90 41, 91 60 GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, PANAMA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, 89 NED/FTUI, FOR ASSISTANCE TO NONPARTISAN COMMITTEES ON POLITICAL EDUCATION IN DEMOCRATIC LABOR FEDERATIONS. $35,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 89 40 HAITI, 84-90 WORKERS FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (FOS) ESTABLISHED WITH AIFLD SUPPORT IN 84. FREE TRADE UNION INSTITUTE FOUNDED AS EUROPEAN BRANCH OF AFL-CIO’S DEPT OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IN 78. AFTER 83, FTUI BECAME NED’S CORE GRANTEE FOR LABOR PROJECTS. FTUI DISPENSED SOME $35 MILLION BETWEEN 84-88. IHRED’S PRESIDENT IS LEOPOLD BERLANGER. FTUI HAD PROJECTS IN BRAZIL, CHILE, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, PARAGUAY, AND PERU. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, “DEMOCRACY INTERVENTION: A WHO’S WHO OF NGOS.” 4/26/92 5-22 LATIN AMERICA, 90 AIFLD’S HUMAN AND TRADE UNION RIGHTS PROJECT RESULTED IN REFORM IN GUATEMALA, PANAMA, EL SALVADOR, COSTA RICA, PARAGUAY AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 9/93 24 GUATAMALA, DECEPTION, CIRCA 50 USIA IN GUATEMALA ESTABLISHES ANTI-ARBENZ NEWS SERVICE WHICH DISTRIBUTED BLACK PROPAGANDA LABELLING GVT OFFICIALS AND LABOR LEADERS COMMUNISTS. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 20 FROM 49-88 ARCHITECTS OF LABOR’S FOREIGN POLICY CREATED AN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS OP WHICH COOPERATED CLOSELY WITH THE CIA TO BREAK LEFT-LED STRIKES IN FRANCE IN 49 AND OVERTHROW LEFTIST GVTS IN GUATEMALA IN 54. THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DEPT THEY CREATED IN THE AFL-CIO EXPECTS TO SPEND $33 MILLION ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ($29 MILLION OF IT FROM THE U.S. GVT)–THREE TIMES WHAT THE AFL-CIO SPENDS ON ORGANIZING AND 10 TIMES ITS BUDGET FOR CIVIL RIGHTS. FOR A DETAILED ACCOUNT Z MAG 11/88 P98-104 GUATEMALA, 47-54 UNTIL 54 LITTLE UNION ACTIVITY IN COUNTRY AND FEW CIA LABOR OPS. 54 ARBENZ GVT CHALLENGES UNITED FRUIT. LABOR ARDENT SUPPORT ARBENZ. CIA TRIES MANIPULATE LABOR AWAY FROM ARBENZ. EFFORT FAILS AND CIA ENGINEERS OVERTHROW, AFTER WHICH ONLY UNITED FRUIT COMPANY UNION AND SAMF ALLOWED EXIST. ORIT AND AFL SUPPORT COUP. COUNTERSPY WINTER 75 44 GUATEMALA, 53 ORIT/AFL TRY ESTABLISH PRO-U.S. BASE BY FUNDING NATIONAL UNION OF FREE WORKERS OF GUATEMALA. WISE TO PLOT, ARBENZ DEPORTS ITS LEADERS. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 20 GUATEMALA, 54-76 EFFECT OF CIA COUP ORGANIZED LABOR ALL BUT WIPED OUT. UNION MEMBERSHIP DROPPED 100,000 TO 27,000 IMMEDIATELY AND CONTINUED DECLINE THEREAFTER, IN PART DUE TO DEATH SQUAD ACTIVITY. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 21 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER COUP CIA PUSHED ARMAS TO WRITE LAWS THAT ESTABLISHED DEATH PENALTY FOR A CRIMES THAT INCLUDED MANY LABOR UNION ACTIVITIES. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 221 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA GOAL IN OVERTHROWING ARBENZ GVT WAS IN PART TO DESTROY RAILROAD WORKERS UNION. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 121 GUATEMALA, 54 SERAFINO ROMUALDI SENT BY AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR JUST AFTER COUP TO REORGANIZE GUATEMALA’S LABOR UNIONS. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 89 GUATEMALA, 55-63 CIA OPS DIRECTED PRIMARILY AGAINST COMM UNION FASQUA AND CATHOLIC UNION FECETRAG. COUNTERSPY WINTER 75 45 GUATEMALA, 64-66 CIA EMPHASIS ON AIFLD AND ITS WORK. ATTEMPT AT UNIFYING LABOR FEDERATIONS FIRST IN CONSIQUA AND THEN IN CONTRAGUA. KEY GOAL PREVENTION COMMUNIST AND CATHOLIC INFILTRATION. COUNTERSPY WINTER 75 45 GUATEMALA, 67-74 CIA ASSETS IN CTF AND FTG. ALSO, AIFLD CONTINUES HOLD ON LABOR BY TRAINING NEARLY 6000 STUDENTS. CATHOLICS KEY GROUP IN LABOR OPPOSING MILITARY GVT. COUNTERSPY WINTER 75 45 GUATEMALA, CIRCA 77-79 RESURGENCE IN UNION ACTIVITY, BUT AIFLD LARGELY INACTIVE. 80 TREMENDOUS CRACKDOWN ON UNIONS INCLUDING GVT MURDERS/KIDNAPINGS LABOR LEADERS. AFTER 82 RISE RIOS MONTT, AIFLD INCREASES ACTIVITY, ESTABLISHING NATIONAL CAMPESIONO CO-ORDINATING COMMITTEE. NEW CONSERVATIVE UNIONS, REPLACING SMASHED PROGRESSIVE ONES, USED TO DECLARE DEMOCRATIZATION OF GUATEMALA AND INSPIRE VARIOUS FORMS OF AID. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 21-2 GUATEMALA, SINCE 54 COUP “AIFLD HAS BEEN MORE CONCERNED ABOUT CONTAINING LEFTIST ORGANIZING THAN ABOUT SPEAKING OUT AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OR IN FAVOR OF LABOR UNION RIGHTS.” AS RESULT AIFLD HAS FAILED TO GAIN ALLEGIANCE OF WORKFORCE. BARRY, T., & PREUSCH, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA 19 GUATEMALA, 54 AFL UNDER CIA-INVOLVED NATIONAL UNION OF FREE WORKERS OF GUATEMALA (UNTL). SERAFINO ROMUALDI, A CIA AGENT WHO ALSO WORKED FOR NELSON ROCKEFELLER PLACED UNTL LEADERS UNDER CIA’S ARMY OF ARMAS. AFL MAGAZINE “THE AMERICAN FEDERATIONIST” PUBLISHED ANTI-ARBENZ ARTICLES. COUNTERSPY 4/81 12 GUATEMALA, 82-86 SEE ARTICLE “WHICH SIDE ARE THEY ON? THE AFL-CIO TAMES GUATEMALA’S UNIONS.” COVERS AIFLD RECEIVING MONEY FROM AID FOR AN AVERAGE OF $267,000 PER YEAR. THE WORK IS TO CO-OPT THE LABOR AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS. THE PROGRESSIVE 1/87 P32 GUATEMALA, 83-86 CUSG, RECEIVES THE BACKING OF AIFLD AND IS PROGVT DURING PERIOD OF MILITARY RULE, HAS LITTLE POPULARITY. AIFLD HAS GIVEN CUSG $50,000 A YEAR SINCE 83. AIFLD SPONSORED TRAINING COURSES ATTENDED BY 12,500. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 8/86 P7 LATIN AMERICA. AIFLD DREW 92% BUDGET OF 6 MILLION FROM AID AND STATE DEPT AND REPORTED RCV SIZEABLE FUNDS FROM CIA. MONEY USED TO TRAIN 300,000 UNIONISTS AT AIFLD’S FRONT ROYAL SCHOOL IN VA. WHERE COURSES HEAVILY SPIKED WITH PRO-U.S. ANTI-COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA. AIFLD USED SUPPORT MILITARY COUPS IN GUATEMALA, BRAZIL, AND CHILE AND TERRORISM AND RACIAL VIOLENCE AGAINST JAGAN GVT GUYANA. LERNOUX, P. (1982). CRY OF THE PEOPLE 211 LATIN AMERICA, ORIT 50-70 SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS SAID ORIT ORIGINALLY FOUNDED FOR PURPOSE COMBATTING COMMUNIST INFILTRATION IN LA LABOR MOVEMENT. ORIT NEVER SOLVED PROBLEM OF EMPHASIS BETWEEN FIGHTING COMMUNISM AND STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC TRADE UNIONS. GENERALLY SPEAKING, ORIT NORTH AMERICANS HAVE EMPHASIZED ANTI-COMMUNISM; LATIN AMERICANS DEMOCRATIC TRADE UNIONISM. UC 234-5. REASON FOR DECLINE PRESTIGE. ORIT SUPPORTS U.S. POLICY. ENDORSED OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA AND GOULART IN BRAZIL. SUPPORTED BURNHAM OVER CHEDDI JAGAN IN GUYANA AND APPROVED U.S. INTERVENTION DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. ORIT AN ARM OF CIA. FRAZIER, H. (ED). (1978). UNCLOAKING THE CIA 233-5 LEAKS CENTRAL AMERICA, 78-79 WHEN SOMOZA ABOUT TO FALL THE CIA AND PENTAGON URGED A POLICY BASED ON PREMISE THAT THE INSURRECTION WAS A SOVIET-CUBAN PLOY. ON 2 MAY 79 THE CIA PREPARED AN INTERNAL REPORT ON “CUBAN SUPPORT FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN GUERRILLA GROUPS,” AND LEAKED IT TO THE PRESS. ON 8/2/79 THE PENTAGON AND CIA ARGUED FOR STEPS AGAINST NICARAGUA AND PROTECTIVE AID FOR GUATEMALA AND SALVADOR. IN CONGRESS, REP MURPHY MOUNTED A CAMPAIGN AGAINST CARTER’S NICARAGUAN AID PACKAGE FUELED BY A STEADY STREAM OF LEAKS FROM INTEL AGENCIES. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 6/84 22-3 CENTRAL AMERICA, 79 AT A WHITE HOUSE MEETING 8/2/79, PENTAGON AND CIA REPS WON APPROVAL FOR RESUMING MILITARY AID TO EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. OVER NEXT 3 MONTHS A SERIES OF CIA PRESS LEAKS CONTRADICTED CARTER AND STATE DEPT CLAIMS THAT CUBAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE SANDINISTA TRIUMPH HAD BEEN MINIMAL. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 6/84 P21 LIAISON ARGENTINA, 81 IN EXCHANGE FOR U.S. ARMS SALES ARGENTINA TO AID NICARAGUA CONTRAS. ICC 58. ALSO INVOLVED IN HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, TEACHING TORTURE TECHNIQUES, ET AL. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 59 CENTRAL AMERICA, 81-83 SEE ARTICLE BY GEORGE BLACK, ISRAELI CONNECTION – NOT JUST GUNS FOR GUATEMALA. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 6/83 43-45 GUATEMALA, 90 CIA PAYING RETAINERS TO HIGH-RANKING G-2 OFFICERS. ISRAELI FOREIGN AFFAIRS 6/90 3 INSLAW PRES BILL HAMILTON SAYS HE HAS INFO THAT PROMIS ILLEGALLY SOLD TO SOUTH KOREA, LIBYA, JORDAN, GREAT BRITAIN (ENGLAND), GERMANY, FRANCE, AUSTRALIA, THAILAND, JAPAN, CHILE, GUATEMALA, BRAZIL, AND CANADA. CANADIAN COMPANY, COMMUNICATIONS CANADA – THE CANADIAN WORKPLACE AUTOMATION RESEARCH CENTER (CWARC) WROTE INSLAW A LETTER. ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE ARE OPERATING PROMIS IN 900 LOCATIONS. MICHAEL RICONOSCIUTO SWORE IN AN AFFIDAVIT THAT WHEN HE DIRECTOR OF WACKENHUT CORP OF CORAL GABLES, FL ONE OF HIS JOBS TO ADAPT PROMIS SOFTWARE. PETER VIDENIEKS AND EARL W. BRIAN WERE FREQUENT VISITORS TO WACKENHUT. RICONOSCIUTO SAID HE TO MODIFY PROMIS FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTEL AGENCIES WORLDWIDE. AFTER TESTIFYING BEFORE HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE INVESTIGATORS, RICONOSCIUTO ARRESTED AND CHARGED WITH SELLING MORE THAN 4 GRAMS OF POTENT SPEED. IN THESE TIMES 6/11/91 11-13 ISRAEL, CENTRAL AMERICA, 73-88 OVER LAST 15 YEARS, ISRAEL HAS BECOME FULL-FLEDGED COVERT PARTNER OF U.S. IN PROMOTING COUNTERREVOLUTION IN THE THIRD WORLD. WHEN PUBLIC OPINION WONT SUPPORT DIRECT U.S.INTERVENTION, ISRAELI INTEL AGENTS, MILITARY OFFICERS AND ARMS DEALERS AND HAVE SUPPLIED TRAINING AND WEAPONS TO CHILE, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HAITI, SOUTH AFRICA, AND NICARAGUAN CONTRAS. TOP SECRET 0-88 25 NICARAGUA, ARGENTINA, 80-82 ARGENTINEAN HECTOR FRANCES WAS ASSIGNED TO COSTA RICA TO GENERATE POLITICAL PRONOUNCEMENTS FAVORABLE TO CONTRAS. THE ARGENTINEANS WERE UNDER DIRECTION OF CIA. ARGENTINEANS GIVE INSTRUCTION IN SABOTAGE. OP BEGAN IN 80 WHEN SOME 50 EX-SOMOCISTA GUARDS TRAINED IN ARGENTINA AND SENT TO COSTA RICA, PANAMA, GUATEMALA AND MIAMI WHERE OTHERS WERE TRAINED IN PARAMILITARY ACTIVITY. SALARIES OF ARGENTINEANS PAID BY U.S. ARGENTINEAN ADVISERS IN HONDURAS PURCHASED MUCH UNDER COVER OF CIA FRONT HERNANDEZ AND ASSOCIATES. CHAMORRO, E. (1987). PACKAGING THE CONTRAS 62 U.S. AND ENGLAND INTEL SERVICES WORKED TOGETHER FOR YEARS. U.S. HAS AGREEMENTS WITH NATO COUNTRIES, ISRAEL, AND AUSTRALIA BUT ALSO THAILAND AND GUATEMALA. BRITISH RECIPROCATE FULLY. GERMANS HAVE NOT SHARED INFO GATHERED IN OPS THAT WOULD DISPLEASE THE U.S. CIA’S LIAISON WITH FRANCE IS AT ARMS’ LENGTH BECAUSE U.S. HAS NEVER TAKEN FRANCE ENTIRELY SERIOUSLY AS AN ALLY. CIA LIAISON WITH ITALY EVEN MORE DISTANT. PRIOR TO 74 JAMES ANGLETON HANDLED U.S. END OF INTEL RELATIONSHIP WITH ISRAEL OUT OF THE CI DIVISION. CODEVILLA, A. (1992). INFORMING STATECRAFT: INTELLIGENCE FOR A NEW CENTURY 94-5 MEDIA GUATEMALA, 51-54 BERNAYS OF UNITED FRUIT DEVELOPED STRATEGY RE GUATEMALA TO SELECT MOST INFLUENTIAL MEMBERS MEDIA, THE TIMES, SEVERAL OTHER PAPERS, TWO OR THREE MAJOR NEWS MAGAZINES, WIRE SERVICES AND ELECTRONIC NETWORKS – FOLLOWED BY A HIGH – LEVEL SATURATION CAMPAIGN TO EXPOSE MEDIA’S REPORTERS TO COMPANY’S VERSION OF FACTS. CAMPAIGN INCLUDED GUIDED TOURS WITH UP TO 10 NEWSMEN PER JUNKET AT COMPANY EXPENSE. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 47 GUATEMALA, 51-54 BERNAYS WITH UNITED FRUIT BROUGHT GUATEMALA TO ATTENTION OF NEW YORK TIMES PUBLISHER SULZBURGER WHO MADE AN INSPECTION TRIP TO COUNTRY – WHILE ON TRIP A “COMMUNIST RIOT” TOOK PLACE. A PR COUP FOR BERNAYS. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 46 GUATEMALA, 53-54 IN 53 USIS PRESENTED A DOCUMENT TO THE OPS COORDINATING BOARD THAT SAYS USIA HELPED WITH THE PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OF UNATTRIBUTED ARTICLES LABELING GUATEMALAN GVT FIGURES AS COMMUNISTS. THESE WERE PLANTED IN A CHILEAN NEWSPAPER AND LATER REPRINTED IN SELECTED OTHER COUNTRIES WITH CHILEAN ATTRIBUTION. WORKED IN COORDINATION WITH DOS AND CIA. THE NATION 10/28/78 P440 GUATEMALA, 53-60 UNITED FRUIT ARRANGED FOR TOURS FOR PRESS WITHIN HOURS OF EXPROPRIATION OF UF LAND. TOURS INCLUDED REPS OF TIME-LIFE, SEVERAL LARGE DAILIES, NEWSWEEK AND THE WIRE SERVICES. AN AVALANCHE OF PUBLICITY FAVORING UF FOLLOWED AFTER TRIP. UF DISTRIBUTED A CONFIDENTIAL GUATEMALAN NEWSLETTER EACH WEEK TO A LIST OF 250 AMERICAN JOURNALISTS. NEWSLETTER LATER BROADENED TO INCLUDE HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, AND PANAMA WHICH MEANT THAT FROM 53-60 A GREAT DEAL OF NEWS OF CENTRAL AMERICA IN NORTH AMERICAN PRESS WAS SUPPLIED, EDITED AND SOMETIMES MADE BY UF’S PR DEPT. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 59 GUATEMALA, 54 DURING CIA-BACKED COUP ITS FORCES BROUGHT PHOTOGRAPHERS AND WAR CORRESPONDENTS ALONG ON THEIR EXPEDITION. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 19 GUATEMALA, 54 TO SILENCE SYDNEY GRUSON, AN EXPERIENCED NY TIMES REPORTER, ALLEN DULLES CONTACTED GENERAL JULIUS ADLER, BUSINESS MANAGER OF THE TIMES. TOLD HIM GRUSON AND WIFE, FLORA LEWIS, WERE UNRELIABLE. ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER, PUBLISHER, TOLD GRUSON TO STAY PUT IN MEXICO CITY (DURING CIA COUP). SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 155 GUATEMALA, 54 THE NEW YORK TIMES AND LIFE USED INFORMATION FROM THE CIA-BACKED STATION “VOICE OF LIBERATION,” AS AUTHENTIC. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 46 GUATEMALA, 54 WITH DECISION TO OVERTHROW GVT THE DOS SOLICITED NEWSMEN TO WRITE ABOUT EVENTS. ONE DOS MEMO SAID ITS OFFICERS SHOULD VISIT AN EDITOR OF FORTUNE, CHARLES MURPHY, PRESUMABLY TO LEAK HIM “FAVORABLE STORIES,” AND ANOTHER SAID THE SIMILAR IDEA RE DREW PEARSON. THE NATION 10/28/78 P442 MEXICO, 70-85 AN OUTSPOKEN CRITIC OF READER’S DIGEST’S COZY RELATIONSHIP WITH CIA WAS MANUEL BUENDIA IN HIS COLUMN IN EXCELSIOR, MEXICO CITY’S LEADING NEWSPAPER AND SYNDICATED IN TWO HUNDRED OTHER PAPERS. HE ALSO WROTE BOOK, “LA CIA EN MEXICO,” PUBLISHED IN 83. HE WROTE ABOUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RD’S LATIN AMERICAN PUBLICATION, SELECCIONES, AND AN AMERICAN WRITER WHO “IN THE LAST 20 YEARS, DANIEL JAMES HAS WRITTEN ONLY WHAT HE HAS BEEN ORDERED TO BY CIA.” JAMES LIVED IN MEXICO FROM 56-78 AND RECEIVED DEGREES FROM PACIFIC WESTERN UNIVERSITY BASED ON BOOKS HE WROTE, INCLUDING THE 1954 “RED DESIGN FOR AMERICA: GUATEMALAN PRELUDE.” JAMES ALSO HELD MOSTLY HONORARY POSITION OF MANAGING EDITOR OF THE “NEW LEADER,” A COLD WAR LIBERAL PUBLICATION WITH TIES TO CIA. BUENDIA IDENTIFIED ANTONIO RODRIGUEZ VILLAR, DIRECTOR OF “SELECCIONES” IN MEXICO CITY AS A CIA AGENT. A CHARTER MEMBER OF HARRY MORGAN’S WORLD PRESS INSTITUTE, VILLAR ALSO SERVED AS PRESS SPOKESMAN FOR ARGENTINE FEDERAL POLICE DURING JUNTA’S DIRTY WAR WHEN 20,000 PEOPLE ALLEGEDLY DISAPPEARED. BUENDIA CLAIMED CIA, “A LONGTIME FRIEND OF SELLECCIONES, [HAD] TAKEN OVER ITS LATIN AMERICAN EDITIONS, THROUGH INDIVIDUALS SUCH AS VILLAR.” ON 5/30/84, BUENDIA WAS SHOT FOUR TIMES IN THE BACK. MEXICO’S FEDERAL POLICE DESTROYED MOST OF HIS FILES. JAMES LATER TURNED UP IN A THINK-TANK CALLED MEXICO-UNITED STATES INSTITUTE. “EXCELSOIR” CHARGED JAMES WAS A CIA AGENT DURING HIS YEARS IN MEXICO AND MUSI PART OF A CONSPIRACY TO DESTABILIZE THE INSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTIONARY PARTY (IRP) MEXICO’S RULING PARTY. JAMES ADMITTED TO NEW YORK TIMES IN 77 THAT HE HAD TIES TO CIA. HIS BACHELOR DEGREE AND HIS DOCTORATE IN LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES WERE OBTAINED BY MAIL ORDER AND MUSI WAS FUNDED BY WEALTHY TEXAN CONSERVATIVES. MUSI SUSPECTED TO BE A FRONT FOR CIA. JAMES NOW STRENUOUSLY DENIED ANY CIA CONNECTION. HEIDENRY, J. (1993). THEIRS WAS THE KINGDOM 594-7 THE CHIEF PR OFFICER OF UNITED FRUIT COMPANY SAID “A GREAT DEAL OF THE NEWS WHICH APPEARED IN THE NORTH AMERICAN PRESS WAS SUPPLIED, EDITED AND SOMETIMES MADE UP BY UNITED FRUIT’S PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPT.” DURING THE PERIOD WHEN BOTH “COMPANIES” (UF AND THE CIA) WERE LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE OVERTHROW OF THE GUATEMALAN DEMOCRACY. Z MAGAZINE 11/88 14 MERCENARIES GUATEMALA, 53-54 RECRUITS FOR THE CIA “LIBERATION ARMY” WERE GUATEMALAN EXILES AND MERCENARIES RECRUITED OPENLY IN HONDURAS AND NICARAGUA AND PAID $300.00 A MONTH. TRAINING FOR THE INVASION OF GUATEMALA TOOK PLACE IN NICARAGUA AND LATER IN HONDURAS. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 69 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA RECRUITED MERCENARIES THRUOUT CENTRAL AMER FOR OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 226 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA TRAINING AMERICANS AND ASSORTED LATIN AMERICANS FOR OP IN GUATEMALA. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 102 MILITARY CENTRAL AMERICA, 64-88 CONDECA CREATED IN 64 BY GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, AND EL SALVADOR. THE STAFF OF CONDECA IS CLOSELY SUPERVISED BY THE CIA, WHICH PROVIDES INTEL, AND BY THE U.S. ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 204-205 CENTRAL AMERICA, 84 “THE GENERALS STILL RUN LATIN DEMOCRACIES.” IN HONDURAS, PANAMA, EL SALVADOR NOW JOINED BY GUATEMALA, THE MILITARY IS THE SOURCE OF POWER. ELECTED CIVILIAN PRESIDENTS ARE MERELY THOSE WHO BARGAIN TO SHARE SOME POWER. THE U.S. SEEMS TO DECLARE THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN PLACE ONCE AN ELECTION HELD. CONGRESS ACCEPTS THE ELECTIONS AS DEMOCRACY IN DECIDING U.S. AID. WASHINGTON POST 11/10/85 D1,4 GUATEMALA, 50-72 IN OCT 66 ARANA (WITH INCREASING AMOUNTS OF U.S. MILITARY AND POLICE AID TO GUATEMALA) WAS USING QUASI-MILITARY TERRORIST UNITS IN GUERRILLA ZONES. IN COORDINATION WITH ARMY AND POLICE INTEL APPARATUS, PM GROUPS WERE USED TO ROOT OUT GUERRILLA SYMPATHIZERS. GUA 196. A KEY FUNCTION OF U.S. ADVISERS WAS THE SELECTION OF PROMISING GUATEMALAN OFFICER FOR U.S.-SPONSORED TRAINING AND FOR THEIR POSITIONING IN KEY POSTS WITHIN THE ARMY. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 197 GUATEMALA, 54-74 IN THE 20 YEARS AFTER THE 54 COUP, THE US PAID OUT $50 MILLION TO TRAIN THE MOST EFFICIENT MILITARY MACHINE IN C.A. AND FROM THE LATE 60S, THIS MACHINE REPRESSED ALL OPPOSITION WITH SAVAGERY. WALL STREET JOURNAL 2/24/83 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA LAUNCHED CLANDESTINE RADIO CAMPAIGN 7 WEEKS BEFORE INVASION. TRAINED 3 GUATEMALANS AT OPA-LOCKA IN CLASSIC DISINFORMATION. STATION CALLED VOICE OF LIBERATION. THEME OF BROADCASTS WAS ARBENZ SECRETLY PLANNING TO DISBAND ARMED FORCES AND REPLACE THEM WITH PEOPLES MILITIA. CIA LEAFLETS CARRIED SAME MESSAGE. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 168 GUATEMALA, 54 JUNE LIGHT BOMBING, WITH JAMMING OF LOCAL RADIO STATIONS AMID MISLEADING INSTRUCTIONS BROADCAST FROM OUTSIDE COUNTRY PROVOKED REVOLT BY GUATEMALAN ARMY LEADERS. OFFICER CORPS PARTICULARLY FEARED A VAIN ATTEMPT BY ARBENZ TO ARM THE LEFTIST POPULAR MILITIA. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 34 GUATEMALA, 54-77 FROM 54 TO THE CARTER ADM THE U.S. WOULD TRAIN, FINANCE AND OVERHAUL THE GUATEMALAN ARMY AND SECURITY FORCES. FROM 50-57 17.8 MILLION FOR FOREIGN MILITARY SALES (FMS), 16.1 MILLION FOR MILITARY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS (MAP) AND 6.5. MILLION FOR INTERNATIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION AND TRAINING (IMET). UNDER IMET 3,073 CADETS PASSED THRU U.S. TRAINING. AN ADD 4.4 MILLION IN POLICE TRAINING AND SUPPLIES UNDER OFFICE OF PUBLIC SAFETY PROGRAM. OVER ALL U.S. SPENT 45 MILLION ON MILITARY MACHINE. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P7 GUATEMALA, 54 IN OVERTHROW EISENHOWER ENLISTED ALL AMBASSADORS IN THE AREA, GAVE A ROLE TO USIS, AS WELL AS THE US ARMY AND NAVY AND THE CIA. HE ASKED EVERY DICTATOR IN THE AREA; I.E., TRUJILLO, BATISTA, SOMOZA, JIMENEZ, AND OTHERS IN HONDURAS AND EL SALVADOR TO JOIN A REGION-WIDE SEIGE. THE NATION 10/28/78 P44O GUATEMALA, 80-85 SEE ARTICLE IN NACLA “UNDER THE GUN,” ABOUT THE MILITARY’S DOMINATION OF GUATEMALA FOR THE LAST THREE DECADES. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 12/85 10-23 GUATEMALA, 85-86 CUSG, RECEIVES THE BACKING OF AIFLD AND IS PROGVT DURING PERIOD OF MILITARY RULE, HAS LITTLE POPULARITY. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 8/86 P7 GUATEMALA, 89-90 GUATEMALAN RIGHTS PERFORMANCE DETERIORATES DESPITE PROMISES. PRESIDENT FAILS TO REIN IN VIOLATORS, SAID TO INCLUDE MILITARY. WASHINGTON POST 4/13/90 A20 GUATEMALA, 90 MILITARY AID TO GUATEMALA SUSPENDED. U.S. CITES FAILURE TO CURB HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES. WASHINGTON POST 12/22/90 A9 LATIN AMERICA. AIFLD DREW 92% BUDGET OF 6 MILLION FROM AID AND STATE DEPT AND REPORTED RCV SIZEABLE FUNDS FROM CIA. MONEY USED TO TRAIN 300,000 UNIONISTS AT AIFLD’S FRONT ROYAL SCHOOL IN VA. WHERE COURSES HEAVILY SPIKED WITH PRO-U.S. ANTI-COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA. AIFLD USED SUPPORT MILITARY COUPS IN GUATEMALA, BRAZIL, AND CHILE AND TERRORISM AND RACIAL VIOLENCE AGAINST JAGAN GVT GUYANA. LERNOUX, P. (1982). CRY OF THE PEOPLE 211 LATIN AMERICA, 80-91 THOUSANDS EL SALVADOR SOLDIERS RCVD TRG AT SCHOOL OF THE AMERICAS (SOA) AT FORT BENNING IN COLUMBUS GA. IN BRAZIL, GUATEMALA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC TORTURE AND DEATH SQUADS FOLLOW CLOSELY U.S. INTERVENTION AND TRG. SOA MOVED TO BENNING FROM PANAMA IN 84. EST IN 46 TO TRAIN OFFICERS AND FOSTER ANTI-COMMUNISM, ITS GRADUATES RETURN AND OVERTHROW CONSTITUTIONAL GVTS AND SET UP REPRESSIVE REGIMES. RECORD OF ABUSES BY SALVADORANS. LIES OF OUR TIME 6/91 11 LATIN AMERICA, NSC 5432, 8/18/ 54 “U.S. POLICY TOWARD LATIN AMERICA.” “STUDY OF U.S. POLICY TOWARD LATIN AMERICAN MILITARY FORCES.” FORMER REPLACES NSC 5419, 5419/1, “U.S. POLICY IN THE EVENT OF GUATEMALAN AGGRESSION IN LATIN AMERICA.” CHOMSKY, N. (1988). THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM 188 VIETNAM, LATIN AMERICA, 60-63 KENNEDY HAD NO INTENTION TO SMASH CIA TO BITS. JKF PROMISED TO REDOUBLE HIS EFFORTS AND TO IMPROVE COVERT OPS. HE APPOINTED AS DIRECTOR JOHN MCCONE AND COVERT OPS MULTIPLIED IN CUBA, LAOS, VIETNAM AND AFRICA. ONE OF KENNEDY LEGACIES WAS HIS 62 DECISION TO SHIFT THE MISSION OF LATIN AMERICAN MILITARY FROM HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE TO INTERNAL SECURITY – DECISION LED TO CHANGE FROM TOLERATION “OF RAPACITY AND CRUELTY OF THE LATIN AMERICAN MILITARY” TO “DIRECT COMPLICITY” IN THE METHODS OF HEINRICH HIMLLER’S EXTERMINATION SQUADS. IMPROVED METHODS OF REPRESSION PART OF ANOTHER LATIN AMERICAN INITIATIVE, THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS, WHICH REQUIRED EFFECTIVE POPULATION CONTROL; RELATED PROJECTS HELPED SUBVERT DEMOCRACY AND BRING ON BRUTALLY REPRESSIVE REGIMES IN EL SALVADOR, THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, GUATEMALA, BRITISH GUIANA, CHILE, BRAZIL AND ELSEWHERE. SIX MILITARY COUPS OVERTHREW POPULAR REGIMES DURING KENNEDY YEARS, TEN MORE LATER. Z MAG 10/92 23 NED 81-93 ARTICLE BY WILLIAM ROBINSON. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) IS A DELIBERATE MISNOMER. NED GREW OUT OF PROJECT DEMOCRACY IN 81, SUPERVISED BY WALTER RAYMOND, A CIA PROPAGANDA SPECIALIST. NSDD 77 IN 83, FOCUSED ON PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND CREATED AN OFFICE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY (OPD) IN THE WHITE HOUSE – IT LATER RULED ILLEGAL. THIRD ASPECT OF NSDD 77 LED TO DEVELOPMENT OF NED. MONIES ARE CHANNELED THRU AID AND USIA AND ALL OPS SUBMITTED THRU STATE DEPT FOR APPROVAL. NED NOT SUBJECT TO CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT. ITS ACTIVITIES COORDINATED WITH CIA OPERATIONS. NED HAS TAKEN OVER MUCH OF FUNDING AND POLITICAL GUIDANCE FOR POLITICAL PARTIES, TRADE UNIONS, BUSINESS GROUPS, NEWS MEDIA AND CIVIC ORGS THAT CIA HAD FUNDED. IN GUATEMALA, NED FUNDS HAVE GONE TO A CONSERVATIVE GUATAMALAN POLITICAL PARTY KNOWN AS THE SOLIDARITY ACTION MOVEMENT (MAS) FOUNDED BY JORGE SERRANO. IN CHILE AND MANY OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, NED FUNDS MODERATE AND CONSERVATIVE TRADE UNIONS. NED-SUPPORTED UNIONS AFFILIATED WITH AIFLD. IN HAITI, MASS-BASED DEMOCRATIC CIVIC ORGS SPREAD DURING 80s, EVENTUALLY OVERTHROWING US-BACKED DUVALIER DYNASTY AND LED TO ARISTIDE VICTORY. NED WORKED TO MARGINALIZE THESE GROUPS AND FUNDED THINK TANKS AND POLITICAL GROUPS LINKED TO THE TRADITIONAL ELITE – AS ITS SUPPORTS [EVERYWHERE]. IN HAITI, CHILE, THE PHILIPPINES, SOUTH AFRICA, NICARAGUA AND ELSEWHERE PEOPLE HAVE STRUGGLED TO REPLACE DICTATORSHIPS – WHICH NED FIGHTS TO KEEP IN POWER. UNCLASSIFIED 1/94 18-20 COLUMBIA, 84 HELPING TEACHERS ORGS THRU INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF FREE TEACHERS’ UNION (IFFTU). SIMILAR EFFORTS IN GUATEMALA, EL SALVADOR, PANAMA, URUGUAY, PARAGUAY AND ST. LUCIA. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1984 16 DELHI RESEARCH ASSOCIATES/DELPHI INTERNATIONAL. DELPHI RECEIVED ONE NED GRANT FOR WORK IN GUATEMALA. GRANT WAS FOR $22,000 AND WENT TO CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES (CEDEP) TO CONVENE A NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GUATEMALAN WOMEN’S ASSOCIATIONS TO SET GUIDELINES FOR PROMOTION OF “DEMOCRATIC VALUES.” DELPHI ALSO ADMINISTERED NED GRANTS FROM 86 THROUGH 89 FOR WORK WITH DOMINICAN ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN VOTERS IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (ADVM). GRANTS WERE USED TO CONDUCT CIVIC AND ELECTORAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND FOR MEDIA OUTREACH. A GRANT OF WAS GIVEN IN 86 IN PREPARATION FOR ELECTIONS HELD THAT YEAR. BEGINNING IN 87, DELPHI RESEARCH ASSOCIATES WAS FUNDED BY NED FOR WORK IN CHILE ORGANIZING AND TRAINING YOUTH GROUPS AND “DEMOCRATICALLY ORIENTED” COMMUNITY LEADERS IN SLUM DISTRICTS. FROM 86 THROUGH 89 NED FUNDED DELPHI TO SUPPORT VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, PARTICULARLY THOSE INVOLVED IN OPPOSITION MOVEMENT TO PINOCHET. MANY OF THESE GRANTS SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES WHICH FOCUSED ON MOBILIZING ANTI-PINOCHET VOTERS FOR PLEBISCITE WHICH RESULTED IN PUBLIC REJECTION OF PINOCHET’S REGIME. THESE GROUPS INCLUDED CENTER FOR YOUTH DEVELOPMENT (CDJ), FOUNDATION FOR NEIGHBORHOOD AND COMMUNITY ACTION (AVEC), AND DAILY NEWSPAPER LA EPOCA. OTHER GROUPS THAT RECEIVED NED FUNDS INCLUDE EDUCATION FOR CITIZEN PARTICIPATION (PARTICIPA) AND COMMITTEE FOR FREE ELECTIONS (CEL). RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT GUATEMALA, 86-87 USIP, MEMBER, ALLEN WEINSTEIN, HISTORY PROFESSOR AT BOSTON U, WAS FIRST ACTING DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY. UNDER AUSPICES OF HIS WASHINGTON-BASED CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY, WEINSTEIN PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN U.S. ELECTORAL INTERVENTION STRATEGY. IN 86 WEINSTEIN LED A TEAM OF U.S. OBSERVERS TO PHILIPPINES TO PRESSURE MARCOS REGIME REGARDING VOTE FRAUD AND PAVE WAY FOR TRANSITION TO CORY AQUINO’S RULE. SUBSEQUENTLY, CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY WAS A TOP NED CONDUIT TO U.S. BACKED UNO COALITION IN NICARAGUA. AT ABOUT THAT TIME, CENTER CONTRACTED WITH AID TO TRAIN SELECTED GUATEMALAN POLITICAL LEADERS IN “DEMOCRATIC” PROCEDURES. Z SUMMER 90 112 GUATEMALA, 86-90 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) IS MEDDLING IN GUATEMALA. NED PROVIDED 200,000 IN GRANTS TO CHICAGO-BASED ROOSEVELT CENTER FOR AMERICAN POLICY STUDIES, WHICH IN TURN UNDERWRITES THE GUATEMALAN ASIES, RESEARCH AND SOCIAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION. ASIES HAS NATIONWIDE CIVIC EDUCATION PROGRAM. SPONSORED SEMINARS IN 86. NED ALSO GIVES MONEY TO ORGS THAT SERVE U.S. BUSINESS; E.G., CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES OR CEDEP EITHER DIRECTLY OR THRU 2 U.S.-BASED GROUPS, CARIBBEAN CENTRAL AMERICAN ACTION AND DELPHI INTERNATIONAL, TO PROMOTE U.S. INVESTMENTS. NED INTERVENES IN LABOR. THE PROGRESSIVE 2/90 33 GUATEMALA, 86-90 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) IS MEDDLING IN GUATEMALA. NED PROVIDED 200,000 IN GRANTS TO CHICAGO-BASED ROOSEVELT CENTER FOR AMERICAN POLICY STUDIES, WHICH IN TURN UNDERWRITES THE GUATEMALAN ASIES, THE RESEARCH AND SOCIAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION. ASIES HAS NATIONWIDE CIVIC EDUCATION PROGRAM. SPONSORED SEMINARS IN 86. NED ALSO GIVES MONEY TO ORGS THAT SERVE U.S. BUSINESS; I.E., THE CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES OR CEDEP EITHER DIRECTLY OR THRU 2 U.S.-BASED GROUPS, CARIBBEAN CENTRAL AMERICAN ACTION AND DELPHI INTERNATIONAL TO PROMOTE U.S. INVESTMENTS. NED INTERVENES IN LABOR. THE PROGRESSIVE 2/90 33 IN 89 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED), A SMALL PRIVATE FOUNDATION CHARTERED AND FUNDED BY CONGRESS TO “PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD.” NED DOLES OUT MONEY $15.8 MILLION IN 89 TO PRIVATE U.S. -BASED GROUPS. MOST MONEY GOES TO INSTITUTES AFFILIATED WITH 4 ENTITIES: AFL-CIO, U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, REPUBLICAN PARTY. ALL 4 RUN THEIR OWN MINIATURE STATE DEPTS. NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE USES MONEY 1.7 MILLION TO HELP CONSERVATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA. A MAJOR PROJECT OF THE INSTITUTE IS THE CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY WHICH COMPRISES 4 THINK TANKS IN THE AREA. THE HONDURAN COMPONENT IS THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES. IN GUATEMALA IT IS POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE (ACAP). ANOTHER IN GUATEMALA IS CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES. IN COSTA RICA ASSOCIATION FOR DEFENSE OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY. ALL 4 THINK TANKS AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRAT UNION (IDU), A CONFEDERATION OF CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL PARTIES FROM 20 COUNTRIES, FIRST CONVENED IN LONDON IN 83 . THE NED ENGAGES OPENLY IN THE TYPE OF WORK ONCE RESERVED FOR THE CIA-PROMOTING POLITICAL PARTIES, FUNDING PROPAGANDA, INFLUENCING CAMPAIGNS, COURTING TRADE UNIONS, ETC. THE NATION 12/18/89 744-746 IN CENTRAL AMERICA NRI FUNDED CIVIC EDUCATION AND VOTER MOBILIZATION PROJECT IN GUATEMALA ($79,241). CIPE COMMITTED $45,000 TO SUPPORT MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE, PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION AUGMENTED BY LATER ($56,000). NCRL STUDY, ASSIGNED DATE 12/86 NED BASED ON 3 MODELS INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL AID: CLANDESTINE SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL PARTIES, LABOR UNIONS, ACADEMICS, AND OTHER PRIVATE ORGS.; OPS OF AFL-CIO’S FOREIGN LABOR INSTITUTES; AND, INTERNATIONAL OPS OF WEST GERMAN POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS. LATTER INCLUDE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FRIEDRICH EBERT FOUNDATION AND RIGHTWING CHRISTIAN SOCIALIST UNION’S HANNS SEIDEL FOUNDATION. THE KONRAD ADENAUER FOUNDATION KNOWN FOR MANIPULATING POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN 60-69 AND IN CHILE IN 60s AND GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR IN 80-89 FROM 60S ONWARD IT A LAUNDRY FOR CIA FUNDS; E.G. IN 84 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN EL SALVADOR IT A CONDUIT OF CIA MONEY IN AMOUNT OF $350,000 FOR DUARTE. COHA AND THE RESOURCE CENTER, (1990). NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY 12 NED, 93 ARTICLES IN THE 10/93 JOURNAL WRITTEN BY: ARTURO VALENZUELA; D.L. HOROWITZ; TRAVAILS IN NIGERIA, BY ROTIMI SUBERU; INDIA: THE DILEMMAS OF DIVERSITY, BY HARDGRAVE; CANADA, BY HUGH DONALD FORBES; BUGAJSKI; VESNA PESIC; THE UN AND THE CAMBODIAN TRANSITION, BY JULIO JELDRES; THWARTING THE GUATEMALAN COUP, BY FRANCISCO VILLAGRAN DE LEON; AND, MARK JUERGENSMEYER. JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY (NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY) V4 #4 10/83 144 PAGES NICARAGUA NICARAGUA, ANASTASIO SOMOZA, 54 SON OF DICTATOR HAD BEEN FATHER’S LIAISON TO CIA GUATEMALA OP. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 23 NSC 54 ON 3/15/54, NSC 5412 GAVE MANDATE SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT FROM NSC 10/5 AND LIMITED THE AUTHORITY. LANGUAGE GIVEN. DCI CONTROLLED PROCESS AT LUNCHEON MEETINGS. WIDE-RANGING PROJECTS APPROVED – PROVIDING FUNDS FOR SEVERAL ATTEMPTS IN EARLY 50s TO EVACUATE CHINESE NATIONALISTS (LI MI) FORCES FROM BURMA THROUGH COMPENSATION FOR A BRITISH SHIP DESTROYED BY ACTION DURING ANTI-ARBENZ REVOLUTION IN GUATEMALA IN 54 (SHIP WAS SUNK BY PLANE FURNISHED BY PRESIDENT SOMOZA OF NICARAGUA)… JACKSON, W. (CIA STUDY DECLASSIFIED 1994). VOLUME III, COVERT ACTIVITIES 42-3 CENTRAL AMERICA, 83-84 TEXT OF AN NSC DOC “U.S. POLICY IN C.A. AND CUBA THROUGH F.Y.84, SUMMARY PAPER,” ON A MEETING OF THE NSC PLANNING GROUP 4/82. DOC CALLS FOR KEEPING THE NICARAGUAN GVT FROM “EXPORTING REVOLUTION,” AND TO STRENGTHEN PRO-U.S. ELEMENTS IN EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. IT APPROVES THE BEGINNING OF COVERT OPS IN GUATEMALA AGAINST ANTI-GVT FORCES AND AN EFFORT TO KEEP MEXICO “ISOLATED” FROM C.A. ISSUES. GROUP DISCUSSED MAKING A CONCERTED EFFORT TO INCREASE FACTIONAL STRIFE AMONG GUERRILLA GROUPS AND THEIR POLITICAL ALLIES IN EL SALVADOR. PROPOSED STEPPING UP EFFORTS TO COOPT CONGRESSIONAL EFFORTS TO LINK APPROVAL OF AID TO PROMOTION OF TALKS BETWEEN WARRING SIDES IN C.A. NEW YORK TIMES 4/7/83 A1,16 GUATEMALA, NSC 5419/1, CIRCA 53 SET FORTH POLICY TOWARD GUATEMALA. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 28 LATIN AMERICA, NSC 5432, 8/18/ 54 “U.S. POLICY TOWARD LATIN AMERICA.” “STUDY OF U.S. POLICY TOWARD LATIN AMERICAN MILITARY FORCES.” FORMER REPLACES NSC 5419, 5419/1, “U.S. POLICY IN THE EVENT OF GUATEMALAN AGGRESSION IN LATIN AMERICA.” CHOMSKY, N. (1988). THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM 188 OP GUATEMALA, 53-54 OP SUCCESS OR PBSSUCCES WAS ORGANIZED IN LATE SUMMER 1953 WITH INTENTION OF OVERTHROWING ARBENZ. CIA’S DIRECTORATE OF PLANS (DDP), UNDER DIRECTION OF FRANK WISNER, ESTABLISHED A SEPARATE PLANNING UNIT WITH ITS OWN COMMUNICATION, FINANCIAL AND COVERT AGENT SUPPORT. UNIT HAD AUTHORITY TO REQUISITION CONFIDENTIAL FUNDS. DIRECTORATE OF INTEL WAS EXCLUDED IN PLANING. STATE DEPT WAS EXCLUDED WITH EXCEPTION OF SEC. DULLES AND UNDERSEC. SMITH. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 244 GUATEMALA, 54 OP FORTUNE PLAN TO SMUGGLE ARMS TO ARBENZ OPPONENTS ON UNITED FRUIT BOATS. PLAN CANCELLED BY STATE DEPT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 92, 102 GUATEMALA, 54 OP SUCCESS CIA NAME FOR OP OVERTURNED ARBENZ GVT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 109 GUATEMALA, 54 OP SUCCESS. AG 267 KEY TO SUCCESS WAS PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PROPAGANDA ONSLAUGHT. RANELAGH, J. (1986). THE AGENCY 267 GUATEMALA, 54 OP HARD ROCK WAS LAUNCHED IN MAY 54 IN SUPPORT OF OP SUCCESS. EISENHOWER ORDERED U.S. NAVY TO SEARCH ALL SHIPS, INCLUDING EUROPEAN, FOR ARMS BOUND FOR GUATEMALA. WHILE NO ARMS WERE FOUND, U.S. NAVY VESSELS PATROLLING GULF OF HONDURAS HAD PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON GUATEMALAN MILITARY. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 312,313 ORGANIZATIONS LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN, 92 ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTED BY NED IN 1992 INCLUDE: ARGENTINA — INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC STUDIES IN ARGENTINA, CONCIENCA; BOLIVIA — CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SUPPORTS FUNDACION MILENIO, PRODEMOS; BRAZIL — LIBERAL INSTITUTE OF RIO DE JANEIRO’S LEGISLATIVE ADVISORY PROGRAM, BRAZIL’S GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF LABOR; CHILE — UNITARY CONFEDERATION OF CHILEAN WORKERS, FUNDACION JAIME GUZMAN AND INSTITUTO LIBERTAD, NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CITIZEN EDUCATION IN THE LAW WITH CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE; COLUMBIA — RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AND UNIVERSITY OF ANDES; CUBA — PUBLICATION, “UN SOLO PUEBLO,” CUBAN AMERICAN FOUNDATION, INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBA (ICHRC) AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR CONTINENTAL PEACE TO PUBLISH “CUBA DISIDENTES,” DISIDENTE UNIVERSAL,” “EL DISIDENTE,” INFO BUREAU OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN CUBA, INSTITUTE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE OF THE PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE, “JOVEN CUBANO,” YOUTH COORDINATOR OF DEMOCRATIC ASSOCIATIONS (COJADE); DOMINICAN REPUBLIC — NATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF DOMINICAN WORKERS, SOCIAL REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (PASORE); ECUADOR — NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESSMEN, NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR DISPUTE RESOLUTION, RESOURCES FOR ACTION; EL SALVADOR — NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, INSTITUTE FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN STUDIES; GRENADA — GRENADA CIVIC AWARENESS ORGANIZATION (GCAO); GUATEMALA — ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE; MEXICO — DEMOS PAZ, COUNCIL FOR DEMOCRACY, ASSOCIATION OF CIVIC GROUPS FOR DEMOCRACY, FRENTE CIVICO POTOSINO; NICARAGUA — NICARAGUAN DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE (INDE), NICARAGUAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (FUNDE), SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE (COSEP), RADIO DARIO, CENTER FOR YOUTH FORMATION (CEFOJ), CONCIENCIA-NICARAGUA (FORMERLY MOVIMIENTO DE MUJERES NICARAGUENSES), VIA CIVICA, GRUPO FUNDEMOS; PANAMA — CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY, NATIONAL CIVIC CRUSADE FOUNDATION OF PANAMA; PARAGUAY — PARAGUAYAN FOUNDATION FOR COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, MUJERES POR LA DEMOCRACIA (PARAGUAYAN WOMEN FOR DEMOCRACY), UNITARY CONFEDERATION OF WORKERS, CENTER FOR DEMOCRATIC STUDIES; URUGUAY — CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS; REGIONAL — AMERICA’S FUND FOR INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITIES, FUNDACION SIMON BOLIVAR IN COLUMBIA, FUNDACION AMERICA PARA LA CAPACITACION POLITICA, INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE OF THE ASPEN INSTITUTE TO SUPPORT “DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE AMERICAS,” PARTICIPA, AND, THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN’S POLITICAL LEADERSHIP. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1992 67 78 ORG, OPS GUATEMALA, 54 CIA TASK-FORCE ESTABLISHED TO OVERTURN ARBENZ GVT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 110 OVERTHROW 53-61 DULLES’S MARK AS DCI CAN BE SEEN IN NUMBER OF OPS, BOTH SUCCESSFUL – IRAN 53; COSTA RICA, 53; GUATEMALA, 54 – AND UNSUCCESSFUL – INDONESIA 58; TIBET 58; CUBA 60-61. EACH OP FOLLOWED FAMILIAR PATTERN – REMOVAL OR ATTEMPTED REMOVAL OF A GVT DEEMED INIMICAL TO U.S. INTERESTS AND ITS REPLACEMENT BY ONE THAT MORE FRIENDLY. LOWENTHAL, M. (1992). THE WASHINGTON PAPERS. U.S.INTELLIGENCE EVOLUTION AND ANATOMY 26 GUATEMALA, 51-52 OPERATION FORTUNE AUTHORIZED BY TRUMAN, A SCHEME TO SEND WEAPONRY IN A UNITED FRUIT SHIP TO ANASTASIO SOMOZA OF NICARAGUA TO USE IN GUATEMALA. OP CANCELLED BY INTERVENTION DAVID BRUCE OF STATE DEPT. IN 52 OPC APPROACHED OFFICERS IN GUATEMALAN ARMY AND SMUGGLED IN SMALL ARMS PLUS $64,000 FROM UNITED FRUIT. ON 3/23/93, 200 MEN ATTACKED SALAMA AND HELD IT BRIEFLY BEFORE DEFEATED BY ARMY. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 339 GUATEMALA, 52 OPERATION FORTUNE WAS LAUNCHED IN FALL OF 1952 WITH INTENTION OF ARMING CASTILLO ARMAS WHO WAS IN HONDURAS. NICARAGUA’S SOMOZA HAD CONVINCED TRUMAN’S MILITARY AIDE, COL MARA, THAT ARMA COULD OVERTHROW ARBENZ. THIS DESPITE CIA REPORTS IN JUNE INDICATING SKEPTICISM OF ARMAS’ CLAIMS. CIA NOTED ARMY DEFECTION WOULD BE CRUCIAL FOR OPERATION SUCCESS AND THERE WAS NO INDICATION THAT ARMY WOULD DEFECT. YET CIA DIRECTOR WALTER SMITH ORDERED DIRECTORATE OF OPERATIONS TO PROCEED WITH PLAN. OPERATION WAS HALTED WHEN SEC. ACHESON LEARNED OF PLAN. UNITED FRUIT FREIGHTER CARRYING ARMS WAS DIVERTED TO PANAMA WHERE ARMS WERE UNLOADED. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 229-231 GUATEMALA, 54 ARBENZ RESIGNED ON THE 27TH. CASTILLO ARMAS FLOWN INTO CAPITAL. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 48 GUATEMALA, 54 ARTICLE BY FREDERICK MARKS, THE CIA AND CASTILLO ARMAS IN GUATEMALA, 1954: NEW CLUES TO AN OLD PUZZLE. *DIPLOMATIC HISTORY WINTER 90 67 (20 PAGES) GUATEMALA, 54 BROADCASTS OF THE VOL ONE SEGMENT OF COMPLEX OP. ARMAS AND HIS MOTLEY BAND DID “INVADE.” THE DARING LOW-LEVEL RAIDS BY THE AIR FORCE, AND AMBASSADOR PUERIFOY ACTIONS IN MEETING WITH GUATEMALANS AND BLUNTLY TELLING THEM OF U.S. CONCERN ABOUT ARBENZ’S ALLIANCE WITH MOSCOW. BUT PROPAGANDA OP OF VOL DECISIVE. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 52-3 GUATEMALA, 54 FOR THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ CASTILLO ARMAS WOULD HAVE B-26 BOMBERS AND CARGO AND FIGHTER PLANES, A FEW TO BE FLOWN BY GUATEMALANS, BUT MOST BY FOREIGN MERCENARIES. THERE WOULD BE A STAGING AREA FROM A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY, A REBEL CLANDESTINE RADIO STATION, WHICH WOULD PRETEND TO BROADCAST FROM WITHIN GUATEMALA AND A TEAM OF RADIO TECHNICIANS, WRITERS AND ANNOUNCERS. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 36 GUATEMALA, 54 ITEM BY STEPHEN RABE, THE CLUES DIDN’T CHECK OUT: COMMENTARY ON “THE CIA AND CASTILLO ARMAS.” *DIPLOMATIC HISTORY WINTER 90 87 (9 PAGES) GUATEMALA, 54 KEY EVENT IN PRES. ARBENZ’S DECISION TO RESIGN OCCURRED AT ZACAPA ON 25 JUN 54 WHEN ARMY REFUSED TO CRUSH ARMAS’ REBELS. WHILE ARMY COULD HAVE EASILY DEFEATED THEM, OFFICERS SAID THEY FEARED U.S. MILITARY ACTION AGAINST THEM IF ARMAS SHOULD FAIL. ARBENZ ALSO FEARED U.S. INTERVENTION CHOOSING NOT TO STOP ARMAS AT BORDER FOR FEAR OF CREATING BORDER INCIDENT WITH HONDURAS. ARMAS’ FORCES, INCLUDING CIA AIR FORCE AND RADIO PROPAGANDA, WERE LARGELY INEFFECTIVE – BOTH MILITARILY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY – AGAINST GUATEMALAN ARMY. IT WAS WELL AWARE OF HOW SMALL ARMAS’ FORCES WERE. WHAT OFFICERS FEARED MOST WAS U.S. RETALIATION SHOULD ARMAS BE DEFEATED. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 324,338-341 GUATEMALA, 54 ON D-DAY, THE 18TH OF JUNE 54 VOL ANNOUNCED THAT COL. CASTILLO ARMAS AND HIS TROOPS HAD INVADED. SEVERAL TRUCKS HAD CROSSED BORDER WITHOUT OPPOSITION. THE VOL REFERRED TO AN ARMY OF 5,000. B-26 BOMBERS AND WWII FIGHTERS BEGAN FLYING NOISY MISSIONS. THEY MADE LOW-LEVEL STRAFFING RUNS. ONE BLEW UP AN OIL TANK THAT BURNING COULD BE SEEN FOR MILES. USED VOL TO SNUGGLE UP TO GENUINE STATION. ON 25TH JUNE A BOMB DROPPED ON GUATEMALA CITY. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 45-8 GUATEMALA, 54 STORY OF THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ. TULLY, A. (1962). CIA: THE INSIDE STORY 54-60 GUATEMALA, 82 CIA ORGANIZES MILITARY COUP TO OVERTHROW GVT OF ANGEL ANIBAL GUEVARA. SUCCESSFUL. HARPERS, 4/84 P20 BRAZIL, GUYANA, GUATEMALA. ORIT ENDORSED OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA AND OF GOULART IN BRAZIL. IT SUPPORTED BURNHAM OVER CHEDDI JAGAN GUYANA AND APPROVED U.S. INTERVENTION DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. ORIT AN ARM OF CIA. FRAZIER, H. (ED). (1978). UNCLOAKING THE CIA 233-5 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA LAUNCHED CLANDESTINE RADIO CAMPAIGN 7 WEEKS BEFORE INVASION. TRAINED 3 GUATEMALANS AT OPA-LOCKA IN CLASSIC DISINFORMATION. STATION CALLED VOICE OF LIBERATION. THEME OF BROADCASTS WAS ARBENZ SECRETLY PLANNING TO DISBAND ARMED FORCES AND REPLACE THEM WITH PEOPLES MILITIA. CIA LEAFLETS CARRIED SAME MESSAGE. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 168 GUATEMALA, 54 OP NAMED “FORTUNE”. CIA USED SHIPS OF UNITED FRUIT TO CARRY ARMS TO EXILES IN NICARAGUA. RANELAGH, J. (1986). THE AGENCY 264-268 GUATEMALA, 54 OVERTURN ARBENZ GVT SUSTAINED BY A RADIO BARRAGE FROM NEARBY CIA STATIONS, ESPECIALLY ON SWAN ISLAND. ALLEN DULLES NOTED “ENTIRE EFFORT DEPENDENT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT RATHER THAN ACTUAL MILITARY STRENGTH…USE OF SMALL NUMBER AIRPLANES AND RADIO DESIGNED GIVE IMPRESSION OF ARMAS’ STRENGTH AS WELL AS REGIME’S WEAKNESS.” HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 30-1 GUATEMALA, 54 PLAN ONE PART MILITARY ACTION AND NINE PARTS PROPAGANDA AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. POWERS, T. (1979). THE MAN WHO KEPT THE SECRETS 86-8 GUATEMALA, 54 PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 99-107 GUATEMALA, 63 SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 244 GUATEMALA, 54 CARDINAL SPELLMAN ARRANGED CIA CONTACT BETWEEN A SENIOR CHURCHMAN SO THE CIA COULD COORDINATE HIS EFFORTS WITH THE OVERTHROW OP. ANTI-ARBENZ AND ANTI-COMMUNIST PASTORAL LETTERS WERE GIVEN WIDE DISTRIBUTION IN L.A. PRESS. AND THOUSANDS OF LEAFLETS CARRYING THE PASTORAL LETTERS WERE AIR-DROPPED INTO REMOTE AREAS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 99 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA INSTALLED IN EMBASSY SECRET COMMO EQUIPMENT WHICH TURNED INTO RADIO STATION AND A JAMMING DEVICE TO OBSTRUCT RADIO BROADCASTS AND AN AMPLIFIER TO SCARE WITH BOMBING SOUNDS. IN ADD. CASH USED TO ENCOURAGE MILITARY DEFECTIONS, LEAKS OF INFO AND GVT INTRIGUES. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 139 GUATEMALA, 54 DETAILS OF THE OVERTHROW OP IN NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P4-6 GUATEMALA, 54 IN 51 ARBENZ ELECTED. 2% PEOPLE OWNED 70% OF LAND. UNITED FRUIT EXPLOITED WORKFORCE. IN 3/53 CIA BACKED RIGHT WINGERS WITH MONEY AND ARMS, BUT UPRISING FAILED. 5/54 CIA USED CZECH SHIPMENT OF ARMS AS PRETEXT. PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN MOUNTED IN LATIN AMERICAN PRESS THAT ARBENZ A COMMUNIST. BLEDOWSKA, C., & BLOCH, J. (1987). KGB/CIA 56-7 GUATEMALA, 54 THE FIELD HQS FOR THE GUATEMALAN OP WAS A TWO-STORY BARRACKS AT THE MARINE AIR BASE AT OPA LOCKA, FLORIDA. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 98 GUATEMALA, 54 THE OVERTHROW OF THE GVT EMPLOYED PROPAGANDA AND THE PRE-RECORDING OF TERROR BROADCASTS FOR D-DAY USE OVER THE GUATEMALAN NATIONAL RADIO FREQUENCY. CIA HAD A CADRE OF GUATEMALAN NEWSPAPERMEN WHO WERE TURNED INTO PROPAGANDISTS. THEY PREPARED NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 98 GUATEMALA, 63 IN JAN 63 PRES. KENNEDY APPROVED AN ARMY PLOT TO OVERTHROW YDIGORAS. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P7 GUATEMALA, IRAN, 53-54 FROM OPA-LOCKA FLORIDA CIA RUNNING AIRLIFTS TO HONDURAS WHERE CASTILLO ARMAS SMALL BAND, NEVER MORE THAN 140 MEN, WERE BEING TRAINED. IN ONE RESPECT CIA PLANNED TO DUPLICATE THE TECHNIQUE USED IN IRAN: PSYCHOLOGICALLY PREPARING THE MINDS OF THE TARGET GVT AND PEOPLE, THEN A SUDDEN SHOW OF APPARENTLY MASSIVE FORCE. A CIA STAFF OFFICER, DOCUMENTED AND DISGUISED AS A EUROPEAN BUSINESSMAN ACHIEVED THE DEFECTION OF A SENIOR OFFICER ON ARBENZ’S STAFF. THRU HIM HAD UP-TO-MINUTE INTEL. AFTER WARNING THE PEOPLE, FIGHTER AIRCRAFT MADE LOW LEVEL STRAFFING RUNS ON GUATEMALA CITY AND DROPPED RELATIVELY HARMLESS SMOKE BOMBS. FROM HONDURAS A POWERFUL TRANSMITTER OVERRODE THE NATIONAL RADIO, BROADCASTING MESSAGES TO CONFUSE AND DIVIDE THE POPULATION. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 99-100 LATIN AMERICA. IN POST WWII ERA U.S. HAS OVERTHROWN MOST REFORMIST AND REVOLUTIONARY GVTS IN L.A. U.S. MILITARY AND CIA ROLES TOOK VARIED FORMS GUATEMALA (PROXY ARMY), BRAZIL (MILITARY COUP), DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (COMBAT TROOPS), BOLIVIA (SPECIAL FORCES AND CIA) CHILE (MILITARY COUP), JAMAICA (TERRORISM, ELECTORAL COUP). Z 3/89 P48 OPERATIONS, 53-64 PAST 25 YEARS CIA INVOLVED PLOTS OVERTHROW GVTS OF IRAN, THE SUDAN, SYRIA, GUATEMALA, ECUADOR, GUYANA, ZAIRE, GHANA, GREECE, INDONESIA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, ETC. AGEE, P. (1975). INSIDE THE COMPANY: CIA DIARY ix OVERVIEW OF C.A. SINCE WWII. PARAMILITARY OPS: BAY OF PIGS CUBA, 61 – ATTEMPTS TO OVERTHROW COMMUNIST REGIMES IN ALBANIA, POLAND, AND THE SOVIET UKRAINE – ALL FAILED. OVERTHROW OF GVT OF ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA IN 54 IN 63 CIA SUCCESSFUL IN OP TO OVERTHROW JUAN BOSH IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND CARLOS AROSEMENA IN ECUADOR. OP TO SUPPORT REVOLT AGAINST PRESIDENT SUKARNO OF INDONESIA IN 58 FAILED. TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND. (1992). THE NEED TO KNOW: COVERT ACTION AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 81-2 PARAMILITARY CUBA, GUATEMALA, 60 TRAX BASE CAMP A MILITARY TRAINING CAMP IN GUATEMALA FOR BAY OF PIGS OP. IT A REAL MILITARY TRAINING CAMP. THIS 2506 BRIGADE. INSTRUCTORS MOSTLY FOREIGNERS LED BY U.S.-TRAINED FILIPINO NAPOLEON VALERIANO CODE-NAMED EL CHINO VALLEJO. VALERIANO A WEST POINT GRADUATE. FOUGHT HUKS IN PHILIPPINES. UKRAINIANS AND OTHER EUROPEANS USED AS INSTRUCTORS. TRAINED WITH ASSORTED WEAPONS. GIVEN BASIC PARATROOPER TRAINING. SHW 54. 2506 BRIGADE USED CONCEPT OF 5-MAN GREY TEAMS BASED ON VALERIANO’S OP IN PHILIPPINES. SHW 59. WHEN KENNEDY ELECTED PRESIDENT, VALERIANO REASSIGNED. RODRIGUEZ, F.I., & WEISMAN, J. (1989). SHADOW WARRIOR 62 CUBA, PANAMA. CIA’S 2506 BRIGADE MOVED FROM GUATEMALA TO PANAMA FOR FINAL TRAINING FOR BAY OF PIGS. RODRIGUEZ, F.I., & WEISMAN, J. (1989). SHADOW WARRIOR 64 GUATEMALA, 53 WORKING WITH UNITED FRUIT CIA-ARMED RIGHT-WING OFFICERS OF GUATEMALAN ARMY. 200 RAIDERS SEIZED SALAMA AND HELD IT FOR 17 HOURS. GVT KILLED FOUR. REBELS QUICKLY REVEALED AS UNITED FRUIT PLOT, THOUGH NOT CIA’S. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 103 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA FUNDED 20 MILLION TO OVERTHROW GVT. ORG. GUERRILLA ARMY, SECRET AIR FORCE, SECRET RADIO STATIONS, ETC. RANELAGH, J. (1986). THE AGENCY 266 GUATEMALA, 68 ADVISORS SENT TO GUATEMALA TO WORK WITH MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY FORCES TO DESIGN BLOODY, EFFECTIVE REPRESSION OF INSURGENCY. DICKEY, C. (1985). WITH THE CONTRAS 85 HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, 81 IN AUG 81, CIA FLEW COL ENRIQUE BERMUDEZ (SEE COMDO 61-64 FOR BACKGROUND), HEAD OF LEGION 15 AND TWO OTHER SOMOCISTA EXILE GROUPS TO GUATEMALA CITY WHERE THEY AGREED TO JOIN FORCES. SOME WANTED TO CALL FORCE THE NICARAGUAN NATIONAL GUARD IN ORDER TO PRESERVE THE NAME, BUT CIA INSISTED ON NICARAGUAN DEMOCRATIC FORCE OR FDN. DILLON, S. (1991). COMMANDOS 65 OVER YEARS CIA SPECIAL OPS HAVE SPONSORED INSURGENTS IN UKRAINE, POLAND, ALBANIA, HUNGARY, INDONESIA, CHINA, OMAN, MALAYSIA (SIC), IRAQ, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, GREECE, TURKEY, VIETNAM, AFGHANISTAN, ANGOLA, NICARAGUA, VENEZUELA, NORTH KOREA, BOLIVIA, THAILAND, HAITI, GUATEMALA. JOHNSON, L.K. (1989). AMERICA’S SECRET POWER 26 PERSONNEL BACKGROUND ON INCOMING DCI, R. JAMES WOOLSEY. HE ANOTHER SIGN THAT INSIDERS STILL RULE AND THAT CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRATS ARE WELCOME IN CLINTON ADM. HE WENT TO LAW SCHOOL AT YALE AND WORKED BRIEFLY AT WARREN CHRISTOPHER’S LAW FIRM, SERVED AS PENTAGON ANALYST IN 60s, AND A MEMBER OF NSC UNDER KISSINGER – LATER WAS COUNSEL FOR SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE. IN CARTER ADM, HE UNDERSECRETARY OF NAVY. HE ON PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSIONS – ONE THAT SUPPORTED PRODUCTION OF MX MISSILE. HE IN OP-ED PIECES OFTEN SHARED A BYLINE WITH BRENT SCOWCROFT. HE WITH OTHERS TRIED TO MOVE DEMOCRATIC PARTY TO RIGHT – ONE SUCH OTHER WAS DAVID MCCURDY, CURRENT CHAIRMAN OF THE HOUSE INTEL COMMITTEE. HE PARTICIPATED IN SECRET WAR GAMES STAGED BY CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES. HE ALSO A PARTNER AT SHEA AND GARDNER, AN INFLUENTIAL LAW FIRM. HE WAS REGISTERED AS A FOREIGN AGENT FOR, INTER ALIA, BOLIVIA, ECUADOR, GUATEMALA, PARAGUAY AND VENEZUELA. AS A LAWYER HE REPRESENTED CHARLES ALLEN AND MICHAEL LEDEEN [OF CONTRAGATE FAME]. WOOLSEY IS THE WRONG MAN TO REFORM THE CIA. THE NATION 1/18/93 39-40 BIO OF EVERETT HOWARD HUNT. IN 50 OPENED STATION IN MEXICO. OP TO EMBARRASS USSR BY PACKING BANQUET IN HONOR OF SOVIETS. BECAME CHIEF BALKAN OPS – ALBANIA, YUGOSLAVIA, GREECE, BULGARIA AND ROMANIA. ALL OPS CARRIED OUT FROM GREECE’S BORDER. HE ASSIGNED BACK TO WESTERN HEMISPHERE DIV AS CHIEF OF PROPAGANDA AND POLITICAL ACTION. FOR OVERTHROW OF GUATEMALA’S GOVERNMETNT. HE LATER HUNT REASSIGNED TO TO JAPAN AS CHIEF OF COVERT OPS FOR NORTH ASIA COMMAND UNDER GENERAL MATHEW RIDGEWAY’S FAR EAST COMMAND. IN 56 HE NAMED COS MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. IN BAY OF PIGS OP AGAINST CUBA HUNT KNOWN AS “EDUARDO.” HE THEN GIVEN MINOR POLITICAL ASSIGNMENT MADRID, SPAIN. HE GIVEN EARLY RETIREMENT IN 70. HE INVOLVED IN WATERGATE. PEN NAMES WERE ROBERT DIETRICH, JOHN BAXTER, GORDON DAVIS, AND DAVID ST JOHN. MINNICK, W. (1992). SPIES AND PROVACATEURS 105 CUBA, GUATEMALA, 60 TRAX BASE CAMP A MILITARY TRAINING CAMP IN GUATEMALA FOR BAY OF PIGS OP. IT A REAL MILITARY TRAINING CAMP. THIS 2506 BRIGADE. INSTRUCTORS MOSTLY FOREIGNERS LED BY U.S.-TRAINED FILIPINO NAPOLEON VALERIANO CODE-NAMED EL CHINO VALLEJO. VALERIANO A WEST POINT GRADUATE. FOUGHT HUKS IN PHILIPPINES. UKRAINIANS AND OTHER EUROPEANS USED AS INSTRUCTORS. TRAINED WITH ASSORTED WEAPONS. GIVEN BASIC PARATROOPER TRAINING. RODRIGUEZ, F.I., & WEISMAN, J. (1989). SHADOW WARRIOR 54 GUATEMALA. BIRCH O’NEAL – A FORMER STATION CHIEF IN GUATEMALA, REPORTEDLY TOLD THE FBI AFTER KENNEDY’S ASSASSINATION THAT THERE WAS NO CIA-GENERATED MATERIAL IN CIA FILE REGARDING OSWALD. SCOTT, P.D. (1977/92). CRIME AND COVER-UP 12 GUATEMALA. PHILIP ROETTINGER, A CIA AGENT WHO HELPED OVERTHROW THE ARBENZ GVT IN 54 DECRIES THE ACTS OF THE CIA IN THAT OVERTHROW. THE PROGRESSIVE 7/86 P50 GUATEMALA, 54-60 THE STORY OF CIA DISSIDENT PHILIP C. ROETTINGER RE THE GUATEMALAN COUP. L.A. TIMES 3/16/86 GUATEMALA, 54 BIRCH O’NEIL WAS COS GUATEMALA IN 1954. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 254 USIP, MEMBER, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ALLEN WEINSTEIN, HISTORY PROFESSOR AT BOSTON UNIVERSITY, WAS FIRST ACTING DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY. UNDER AUSPICES OF HIS WASHINGTON-BASED CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY, WEINSTEIN PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN U.S. ELECTORAL INTERVENTION STRATEGY. IN 86 WEINSTEN LED A TEAM OF U.S. OBSERVERS TO PHILIPPINES TO PRESSURE MARCOS REGIME REGARDING VOTE FRAUD AND PAVE WAY FOR TRANSITION TO CORY AQUINO’S RULE. SUBSEQUENTLY, CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY WAS A TOP NED CONDUIT TO U.S. BACKED UNO COALITION IN NICARAGUA. AT ABOUT THAT TIME, CENTER CONTRACTED WITH AID TO TRAIN SELECTED GUATEMALAN POLITICAL LEADERS IN “DEMOCRATIC” PROCEDURES. Z SUMMER 90 112 POLICE BOLIVIA. OPS AND AID SENT TRAINEES TO INTERNATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY D.C. INSTRUCTORS OFTEN CIA OFFICERS UNDER COVER. BY 70 30,000 GUATEMALAN POLICE RCVD CIA/OPS TRAINING. BLUM, W. (1986). THE CIA A FORGOTTEN HISTORY 267 CENTRAL AMERICA, FUNDING 85 SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS CMTTEE APPROVED 22 MILLION AID PROGRAM FOR POLICE FORCES IN 4 CENTRAL AMERICAN NATIONS. PROGRAM WOULD PROVIDE $21 MILLION IN EQUIPMENT AND TRG IN COUNTERTERRORISM TECHNIQUES TO EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, COSTA RICA AND GUATEMALA. 1 MILLION FOR A REGIONAL WITNESS PROTECTION FUND. FUNDING BASED ON PRESIDENTIAL FINDING RE HUMAN RIGHTS. WASHINGTON POST 12/6/85 A 35 GUATEMALA, 50-72 IN OCT 66 ARANA (WITH INCREASING AMOUNTS OF U.S. MILITARY AND POLICE AID TO GUATEMALA) WAS USING QUASI-MILITARY TERRORIST UNITS IN GUERRILLA ZONES. IN COORDINATION WITH ARMY AND POLICE INTEL APPARATUS, PM GROUPS WERE USED TO ROOT OUT GUERRILLA SYMPATHIZERS. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 196 GUATEMALA, 63 U.S.HELPED INCREASE SIZE OF NATIONAL POLICE FROM 3,000 TO 11,000 MEN. BY 1970 OVER 30,000 GUATEMALAN POLICE BENEFITTED FROM OPS TRG. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 247, 251 GUATEMALA. CIA DIRECTED TRAINING IN U.S. OF GUATEMALAN POLICE THRU OFFICE OF PUBLIC SAFETY PROGRAMS. TRAINING INCLUDED INSTRUCTION IN POLICE INTEL, CI INTEL, PLANNING FOR RIOT CONTROL, TARGETS OF INSURGENCY, CHEMICAL MUNITIONS, EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS, PLANNING FOR RIOT CONTROL, AND MOB PSYCHOLOGY. COUNTERSPY 1/81 54 GUATEMALA, 54-77 FROM 54 TO THE CARTER ADM THE US WOULD TRAIN, FINANCE AND OVERHAUL THE GUATEMALAN ARMY AND SECURITY FORCES. FROM 50-57 17.8 MILLION FOR FOREIGN MILITARY SALES (FMS), 16.1 MILLION FOR MILITARY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS (MAP) AND 6.5. MILLION FOR INTERNATIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION AND TRAINING (IMET). UNDER IMET 3,073 CADETS PASSED THRU U.S. TRAINING. AN ADD 4.4 MILLION IN POLICE TRAINING AND SUPPLIES UNDER OFFICE OF PUBLIC SAFETY PROGRAM. OVER ALL U.S. SPENT 45 MILLION ON MILITARY MACHINE. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P7 HAITI, GUATEMALA, 87-94 OP-ED BY PHILIP HEYMANN. FOR 3 YEARS I LED EFFORT FUNDED BY AID TO CREATE LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GUATEMALA WHOSE POLICE AND ARMED FORCES AT ODDS WITH PEOPLE. MILITARY CONTROLLED POLICE MANY “DISAPPEARED” OPS. I TERMINATED HARVARD PROJECT IN 90 WHEN 10 STUDENTS WERE “DISAPPEARED.” IN 9/94 CATHOLIC CHURCH REPORTED 257 SUMMARY EXECUTIONS IN GUATEMALA THIS YEAR. TRAINING BY ICITAP – DEPT JUSTICE ORG NOW UNDERTAKING TRAINING OF POLICE IN HAITI – OR BY PROSECUTORS WORKING WITH HARVARD LAW SCHOOL PROJECT COULD NOT HAVE ANY EFFECT ON VIOLENCE. RESULTS DIFFERENT IN SOUTH AFRICA DUE TO CHANGES IN POLITICS IN THAT COUNTRY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HAITI. WASHINGTON POST 9/27/94 A21 THE CIA’S INTERNATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY (IPA) TRAINED POLICE FROM CHILE, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, GUATEMALA, MEXICO, BRAZIL, THE PHILIPPINES, HONG KONG, BELIZE (THEN BRITISH HONDURAS), KOREA, PARAGUAY, PERU, IRAN AND URUGUAY. ATTENDEES OF “TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION COURSE” TRAINED IN D.C. AND TOOK FIELDWORK AT THE BORDER PATROL ACADEMY IN LOS FRESNOS, TEXAS. IPA FOUNDED BY A.I.D.. DAMAGING PUBLICITY FORCED THE ACADEMY TO CLOSE. IPA EARNED THE REPUTATION OF THE “SCHOOL FOR TORTURERS.” THE U.S. CONTINUED TO TRAIN FOREIGN POLICE BY 68 FUNDING THE BRAZILIAN FEDERAL POLICE ACADEMY WHICH TRAINED CHILE’S DINA AGENTS, WHO IN TURN INSTRUCTED ANTI-CASTRO CUBANS LIVING IN COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, AND NICARAGUA. OTHER SKILLS TAUGHT BY THE CIA INCLUDE AGENT RECRUITMENT AND HANDLING, PHYSICAL AND ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE, SURREPTITIOUS ENTRY, METHODS OF INFILTRATION, AND ASSASSINATION AND TORTURE TECHNIQUES. HOUSE FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT 4/3/85 FN P137 POLICY GUATEMALA, 80-92 THE DEATHS IN GUATEMALA. ARTICLE “OUR GUYS IN GUATEMALA.” THE PROGRESSIVE 3/92 26-29 GUATEMALA, 91 PRES SERRANO REFUSED RENEWAL U.S. MILITARY AID WHICH WAS CUT OFF TO PROTEST GUATEMALA’S HUMAN RIGHTS RECORD. U.S. OFFERED $100,000 AND A HUMAN RIGHTS CHECKLIST. ON 12/21/ 90 3 WEEKS BEFORE THEN PRES CEREZO TO HAND OVER POWER, BUSH ADM CUT OFF 2.8 MILLION IN MILITARY ASST BECAUSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. WASHINGTON POST 2/9/91 A12 GUATEMALA, 92 A REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN GUATEMALA. GUATEMALAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION SPRING 3/93 GUATEMALA, 93 PROGRESS REPORTED IN GUATEMALAN TALKS. REBELS, GVT WELCOME U.S. ROLE IN EFFORT TO END LONG-RUNNING CIVIL WAR. WASHINGTON POST 3/17/93 A28 GUATEMALA, 93 U.S. ROLE IN SERRANO OUSTER QUESTIONED. U.S. APPEARED INSTRUMENTAL IN PROMPTING THE MILITARY TO OUST THE USURPING SERRANO – WASHINGTON’S ACTIONS COUNTERPRODUCTIVE IN PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN LONG RUN. U.S. PRESSURE TENDED TO REINFORCE MILITARY AND BUSINESS-DOMINATED POLITICAL SYSTEM. WASHINGTON POST 6/5/93 A18 THE U.S. RESPONSE TO HUMANITARIAN CRISES – DURING WWII AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION – BIAFRA – BANGLADESH – BURUNDI – CAMBODIA – INDONESIA – GUATEMALA (54) – UGANDA – ETC. Z MAG 9/91 36-7 PROCEDURES 53-93 CIA RELEASED THOUSANDS FILES ON KENNEDY ASSASSINATION, NEXT YEAR TO RELEASE FILES ON BOTCHED BAY OF PIGS OP; ON 53 COUP IN IRAN; ON 54 COUP IN GUATEMALA. CIA TO OPENLY PUBLISH “STUDIES IN INTELLIGENCE.” A FORTHCOMING SERIES OF REPORTS ON USSR THREAT IN 50s WHOSE PUBLICATION MAY SETTLE ARGUMENT WHETHER THREAT WAS INFLATED BY CIA OR ITS POLITICAL OVERSEERS. IN 85 DCI CASEY CREATED A HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM TO DECLASSIFY AND RELEASE CIA’S OLDEST RECORDS. DAVID D. GRIES DIRECTS CIA’S CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF INTEL AND OVERSEES ITS IMMENSE ARCHIVES. HE WROTE IN “ORBIS” RE GREATER OPENNESS. NEW YORK TIMES 8/29/93 OP-ED BY TIM WEINER GUATEMALA, 54 CIA BROUGHT CASTILLO ARMAS IN TO U.S. BLACK TO MEET J.C. KING. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 126 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA WORKED OUT SECRET COMMUNICATION CHANNEL WITH PEURIFOY. CALLED BACK-CHANNEL. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 135 SHEEP-DIPPING. GUATEMALA SHEEP-DIPPED AIR FORCE PERSONNEL BOMBED REBEL HQS TO SAVE YDIGORAS GVT. PROUTY, L.F. (1973). THE SECRET TEAM 41 USSR, 47-93 CIA DECLASSIFIES PRE-1960 SOVIET STUDIES. CIA ANNOUNCED IT HAS DECLASSIFIED VIRTUALLY ALL ITS MAJOR STUDIES OF THE USSR PRIOR TO 60 AND SENT THEM TO NATIONAL ARCHIVES WHERE THEY AVAILABLE TO PUBLIC. 277 NIEs. THIS OPENING SALVO TO REDUCE COLD WAR IMAGE. CIA TO RELEASE ADDITIONAL USSR-RELATED STUDIES FROM 60s-70s, AS WELL AS MAJOR CHUNKS OF ITS INFO ON BAY OF PIGS INVASION OF CUBA, 53 OVERTHROW OF MOSSADEGH OF IRAN, AND 54 OVERTHROW OF GUATEMALA’S ARBENZ. BY LATE 94, CIA TO HAVE COMPLETED DECLASSIFICATION OF ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF USSR NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAM FROM 40s TO 84. NIEs MAKE CLEAR USSR WAS OBSESSION OF CIA FROM ITS CREATION AND THE COLD WAR SERVED AS A PRISM THROUGH WHICH EVENTS FROM ELECTIONS IN BOLIVIA TO PARTITION OF PALESTINE – WERE INTERPRETED. ONE OF DOCS ON NORTH KOREA JUST SIX DAYS BEFORE INVASION OF S. KOREA, SHOWS CIA DID NOT PREDICT ATTACK. CIA ALSO WRONGLY FORECAST APPOINTMENT OF MALENKOV INSTEAD OF KHRUSHCHEV AS STALIN’S SUCCESSOR. CIA CORRECTLY PREDICTED USSR WOULD NOT INTERVENE DURING MIDDLE EAST CRISIS IN 56. WASHINGTON POST 10/1/93 A45 PROPAGANDA CHILE 61-73 OF 30 ODD COVERT ACTION PROJECTS IN CHILE BETWEEN 61 AND 74, PROPAGANDA PRINCIPAL ELEMENT OF 6 AND IMPT PART OF MANY OTHERS. OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ IN GUATEMALA MORE A PROPAGANDA SUCCESS. IN ANGOLA IN 75-76 CIA PLANTED ARTICLES IN TWO MAIN PAPERS IN ZAIRE AND ZAMBIA. TREVERTON, G. (1987). COVERT ACTION 15 GUATEMALA, 53-54 IN 53 USIS PRESENTED A DOCUMENT TO THE OPS COORDINATING BOARD THAT SAYS USIA HELPED WITH THE PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OF UNATTRIBUTED ARTICLES LABELING GUATEMALAN GVT FIGURES AS COMMUNISTS. THESE WERE PLANTED IN A CHILEAN NEWSPAPER AND LATER REPRINTED IN SELECTED OTHER COUNTRIES WITH CHILEAN ATTRIBUTION. WORKED IN COORDINATION WITH DOS AND CIA. THE NATION 10/28/78 P440 GUATEMALA, 54 OVERTURN ARBENZ GVT SUSTAINED BY A RADIO BARRAGE FROM NEARBY CIA STATIONS, ESPECIALLY ON SWAN ISLAND. ALLEN DULLES NOTED “ENTIRE EFFORT DEPENDENT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT RATHER THAN ACTUAL MILITARY STRENGTH…USE OF SMALL NUMBER AIRPLANES AND RADIO DESIGNED GIVE IMPRESSION OF ARMAS’ STRENGTH AS WELL AS REGIME’S WEAKNESS.” HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 30-1 GUATEMALA, 54 COMBINED EFFECT OF PROPAGANDA BROADCASTS FROM CIA TRANSMITTERS IN HONDURAS – THE VOICE OF LIBERATION – EFFECTIVE. ARBENZ GROUNDED AIR FORCE BECAUSE OF CIA-CAUSED DEFECTION OF AN AIR FORCE OFFICER. 6/18/54 ARMAS WITH A SMALL “ARMY OF LIBERATION” CROSSED IN FROM HONDURAS. SAME DAY P-47S BOMBED SAN JOSE. INVASION MAGNIFIED BY VOICE OF LIBERATION WITH FABRICATED TALES OF DEFEATS. LEAFLET RAIDS CARRIED OUT WITH BOMBING ATTACKS. BLEDOWSKA, C., & BLOCH, J. (1987). KGB/CIA 56-8 GUATEMALA, 54 THE OVERTHROW OF THE GVT EMPLOYED PROPAGANDA AND THE PRE-RECORDING OF TERROR BROADCASTS FOR D-DAY USE OVER THE GUATEMALAN NATIONAL RADIO FREQUENCY. CIA HAD A CADRE OF GUATEMALAN NEWSPAPERMEN WHO WERE TURNED INTO PROPAGANDISTS. THEY PREPARED NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 98 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA RADIO STATION “VOICE OF LIBERATION,” (VOL). ITS SLOGAN WAS TRABAJO, PAN, Y PATRIA–WORK, BREAD, AND COUNTRY. THE VOL FOCUSED ON THE MESSAGE BY DOS THAT ON 15 JUNE THE M/S ALFHEM WAS LOADED WITH CZECH MILITARY EQUIPMENT. VOL STRESSED THAT ARBENZ PLANNED THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MILITARY AND WAS DISTRIBUTE THE WEAPONS TO A COUNTRYSIDE MILITIA. MILITARY TO BE REPLACED BY A CIVILIAN PROLETARIAT CONSTABULARY. THIS CAUSED DISSENSION BETWEEN ARBENZ AND MILITARY COMMANDERS. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 43 GUATEMALA, 54 IN LATE MAY 54, C-47 DROPPED LEAFLETS OVER GUATEMALA CITY INFORMING RESIDENTS DAY OF LIBERATION WAS AT HAND. LEAFLETS WERE ALSO PUSHED UNDER HOUSE DOORS TELLING PEOPLE TO MAKE LIST OF COMMUNISTS SO THEY COULD BE BROUGHT TO JUSTICE. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 309 GUATEMALA, 54 USIA PLANTED HUNDREDS OF ARTICLES ABROAD, WITH THOUSANDS OF ANTI-ARBENZ CARTOONS AND POSTERS, JOHN DOHERTY NAMED A NEW COS IN GUATEMALA. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 346 GUATEMALA, 54 VOL ANNOUNCED IN FINAL BIG LIE THAT 2 COLUMNS OF REBEL SOLDIERS CONVERGING ON GUATEMALA CITY. SIMULATED MILITARY MESSAGES BROADCAST. THIS ON 27 JUNE. ARBENZ RESIGNED THAT NIGHT. PHILLIPS, D.A. (1977). THE NIGHT WATCH 48 GUATEMALA, 54 WHAT MADE A DIFFERENCE [IN OVERTHROWING ARBENZ GVT] WAS CHAOS “VOICE OF LIBERATION” CREATED. IT SNUGGLED UP TO STANDARD FREQUENCIES AND MOURNED TREMENDOUS TROOP LOSES, TO SUGGEST LAKES HAD BEEN POISONED, AND ENTIRE DIVISIONS WERE DEFECTING. FAKED SIGNALS AMONG ADVANCING HORDES, “SPOOFING” ESTABLISHED MILITARY SIGNALS, ETC. ALL COORDINATED WITH AMPLIFIERS AND JAMMING DEVICES ON EMBASSY ROOF. TAPES OF AIR ASSAULTS BOOMED ACROSS CAPITAL. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 350 GUATEMALA, COORDINATION, 54 LAST PHASE USED UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY. USIA PLACED 200 ARTICLES IN LATIN PRESS. MIGHTY WURLITZER. PRADOS, J. (1986). PRESIDENTS’ SECRET WARS 104 PSYWAR GUATEMALA, 54 CIA’S “VOICE OF LIBERATION” RADIO OPERATORS SNUGGLED UP TO FREQUENCIES GUATEMALAN RADIO STATIONS AND “SPOOFED” MILITARY SIGNALS, SKILLFULLY PAINTED A PICTURE OF WAR AND UPHEAVAL. FABRICATED REPORTS OF LARGE TROOP MOVEMENTS, FEARSOME BATTLES, MAJOR GUATEMALAN DEFEATS AND GROWING REBEL STRENGTH FRIGHTENING AN ALREADY CONFUSED AND DISHEARTENED PEOPLE. DL 234 FROM SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 184-85 GUATEMALA, 54 PLAN ONE PART MILITARY ACTION AND NINE PARTS PROPAGANDA AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. POWERS, T. (1979). THE MAN WHO KEPT THE SECRETS 86-8 GUATEMALA 54 WELL-ORGANIZED RUMOR MILL USED IN OP SUCCESS. AMERICANS IN CONTACT U.S. EMBASSY, AS WELL AS EMBASSY EMPLOYEES, BENIGNLY ASKED GUATEMALAN FRIENDS IF IT TRUE THAT CRUISERS AND AIRCRAFT CARRIERS HAD ANCHORED OFF COAST OR THAT PARATROOPERS HAD LANDED IN NORTH. RUMORS CAME BACK WITHIN HOURS TO THE PEOPLE WHO HAD STARTED THEM, NEARLY ALWAYS EXPANDED TO LUDICROUS PROPORTIONS. DL 236 FROM SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 192-93 PUBLICATION CENTRAL AMERICA, 48-53 COMPANY PUBLISHED 4 NEWSPAPERS FOR UNITED FRUIT WORKERS IN HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, AND PANAMA. UNITED FRUIT ALSO SUPPORTED FOR MANY YEARS A PUBLICATION NAMED “LATIN AMERICA REPORT,” PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM GAUDET – WHO A POSSIBLE AGENT FOR CIA AND WHO USED PUBLICATION AS A CREDIBLE COVER FOR NUMEROUS COVERT MISSIONS. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 48 GUATEMALA, 54 UNITED FRUIT PUBLISHED NEWSPAPER “LATIN AMERICAN REPORT” FOR JOURNALISTS, WRITTEN BY WILLIAM GAUDET WHO SAID TO BE CONNECTED TO BOTH UNITED FRUIT AND CIA. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 82 GUATEMALA. VOICE OF LIBERATION GUATEMALA BROADCASTING FROM HONDURAS DURING CIA-BACKED COUP. FREEMANTLE, B. (1983). CIA 169 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA’S DAVID PHILLIPS WAS BROUGHT IN FROM CHILE IN APRIL 54 TO HEAD REBEL RADIO STATION “LA VOZ DE LIBERACION.” GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 294 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA’S VOICE OF LIBERATION TRANSMITTERS FIRST IN NICARAGUA AND THEN FROM HONDURAS AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC KEPT UP A WAR OF NERVES. STORIES THAT ARBENZ TO DISBAND MILITARY AND ARM ONLY PEASANTS AND PEOPLE’S MILITIA, ETC. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 348-9 LATIN AMERICA, 58-65 CIA GAVE COSTA RICA’S FIGUERES MONEY TO PUBLISH JOURNAL “COMBATE,” AND TO SPONSOR INSTITUTE OF POLITICAL EDUCATION IN C.R. IN 11/59. INSTITUTE A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR POLITICAL PARTIES OF DEMOCRATIC LEFT FROM C.R., CUBA (EXILE), DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (EXILE), GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA (EXILE), PANAMA, PERU AND VENEZUELA. CIA FUNDED THRU SHELL FOUNDATION KAPLAN FUND NEXT TO INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL LABOR RESEARCH (IILR) IN NEW YORK. SOCIALIST LEADER NORMAN THOMAS HEADED IILR WHO CLAIMED HE IGNORANT OF CIA ROLE. FIGUERES CREATED INTER-AMERICAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT MOVEMENT (INADESMO) A FRONT TO DISPERSE FUNDS DIRECTLY. AMERINGER, C.D. (1990). U.S. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE 256-7 RELIGION CONVERGENCE OF VIEWS OF THE VATICAN AND THE U.S. CLOSE DURING 50-59 AND NOWHERE MORE THAN IN LATIN AMERICA. POINT MAN FOR ENDEAVORS WAS CARDINAL SPELLMAN WHO SERVED FOR 3 DECADES AS THE PRIMARY AMERICAN RESPONSIBLE FOR LATIN AMERICA AS WELL AS THE INFORMAL ENVOY OF ROOSEVELT, TRUMAN AND EISENHOWER. SPELLMAN PERSONALLY SELECTED BISHOPS FOR L.A. AND ORDERED THE ARCHBISHOP OF BOGOTA, COLOMBIA, TO SUBMIT ALL STATEMENTS ABOUT THE U.S. TO THE AMBASSADOR FOR APPROVAL. IN 54 SPELLMAN ACTED AS GO BETWEEN FOR THE CIA AND GUATEMALAN BISHOP ROSSELL ARELLANO, WHOSE PASTORAL LETTER CONDEMNING COMMUNISM WAS VITAL IN PREPARING FOR THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ’S GVT. ROSSELL’S DEMAND FOR THE PEOPLE TO RISE AS A SINGLE MAN AGAINST THE ENEMY OF GOD AND COUNTRY WAS READ IN EVERY CHURCH AND AIRDROPPED BY THE CIA A FEW WEEKS BEFORE THE COUP. IN 62 A CIA REPORT CONCLUDED THE VATICAN WAS BECOMING A LESS RELIABLE ALLY. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 10/85 P21 FOOD FOR THE HUNGRY, INC. (FFTH) – INFO AS OF 12/89. FFTH IS AN EVANGELICAL CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATION THAT PROVIDES FOOD AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE IN DISASTERS AS WELL AS IN LONG-TERM, SELF-HELP PROGRAMS. SOURCES OF FUNDING INCLUDE PRIVATE CONTRIBUTIONS AND GVT GRANTS. FFTH OPERATES RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, RELIEF PROGRAMS, FOOD-FOR-WORK PROGRAMS, AND CHILD SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMS IN AFRICA, ASIA, AND LATIN AMERICA. FFTH HELPS TO SET UP ON-GOING RELIEF AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMS AND PROVIDES EMERGENCY DISASTER AID. FFTH RECEIVES FUNDING AND OTHER RESOURCES FROM U.S. GVT. IT AIDED THE “MODEL VILLAGES” OF GUATEMALA THAT WERE PART OF ARMY’S PACIFICATION PROGRAM. FFTH ALSO MAINTAINS “FORMAL AFFILIATE RELATIONSHIPS” WITH VARIOUS BRANCHES OF THE U.N. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT GOSPEL OUTREACH/VERBO MINISTRIES – INFO AS OF 10/91. AFTER 76 EARTHQUAKE IN GUATEMALA, 28 GOSPEL OUTREACH EVANGELICALS WENT TO GUATEMALA TO HELP REBUILD COUNTRY AND ESTABLISH EL VERBO CHURCH. AN EARLY CONVERT WAS GEN. EFRAIN RIOS MONTT, WHO BECAME PRESIDENT AFTER A MILITARY COUP IN 3/82. MONTT EXPECTED TO TURN VERBO CHURCHES INTO A NEW POLITICAL MOVEMENT. DURING A COUNTERINSURGENCY CAMPAIGN GOSPEL OUTREACH AND VERBO MINISTRIES WERE VALUABLE ALLIES OF MILITARY AND VERBO BECAME PREFERRED LIAISON BETWEEN ARMY AND LOCAL COMMUNITY. WITHIN FIRST 9 MONTHS OF RIOS MONTT’S ADM, 12 EVANGELICAL PASTORS WERE ASSASSINATED; 69 WERE KIDNAPPED; 45 DISAPPEARED; 15 WERE JAILED; 11 FOREIGN MISSIONARIES WERE EXPELLED; 88 EVANGELICAL TEMPLES WERE DESTROYED; AND 50 MORE WERE OCCUPIED BY THE ARMY.” VERBO MINISTRIES ALSO RUNS A LEADERSHIP TRAINING SCHOOL WITH OVER 1000 MEMBERS DIRECTED BY RIOS MONTT HIMSELF. SINCE IXIL TRIANGLE CI OP, VERBO MINISTRIES WORKED AMONG INDIAN REFUGEES WITH WYCLIFFE BIBLE TRANSLATORS, BEHRHORST CLINIC, GLOBE MISSIONARY EVANGELISM, AND WORLD VISION. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT GUATEMALA, 53-54 CATHOLIC OPS. CIA THRU FRANCIS CARDINAL SPELLMAN OF NEW YORK CONTACTED ARCHBISHOP ARELLANO. ON 9 APRIL 54 A PASTORAL LETTER READ IN ALL GUATEMALAN CHURCHES DEMANDED THAT THE “PEOPLE RISE AS A SINGLE MAN AGAINST (COMMUNISM). CIA, HOWARD HUNT WROTE LATER, “AIR-DROPPED MANY THOUSANDS OF LEAFLETS CARRYING THE PASTORAL LETTER INTO REMOTE AREAS OF GUATEMALA.” SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 155 GUATEMALA, 53-54 ARCHBISHOP ROSSELL Y ARELLANO SPEARHEADED EFFORT BY CATHOLIC CHURCH TO DENOUNCE “ANTI-CHRISTIAN” GOV OF ARBENZ. INSTRUMENTAL IN SPREADING NUMEROUS CIA INSPIRED RUMORS. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 287-288 GUATEMALA, 63-64 CIA ASKED CARDINAL SPELLMAN TO ARRANGE CONTACT WITH ARCHBISHOP ARELLANO “SO WE COULD COORDINATE OUR PARALLEL EFFORTS.” SPELLMAN AGREED. ON 4/9/54, A PASTORAL LETTER READ IN ALL GUATEMALAN CHURCHES NOTED COMMUNISM IN COUNTRY AND DEMANDED THAT “THE PEOPLE OF GUATEMALA…RISE AS A SINGLE MAN AGAINST THE ENEMY OF GOD AND COUNTRY.” CIA AIR-DROPPED MANY THOUSANDS OF LEAFLETS CARRYING THE PASTORAL MESSAGE INTO REMOTE AREAS. DL 226 FROM SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 155 GUATEMALA, 54 A PASTORAL LETTER FROM THE CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOP OF 4/4/54 DENOUNCING COMMUNISM HAD GALVANIZED RIGHT-WING OPPOSITION TO ARBENZ. ALSO ARMAS WAS BLESSED BY THE PAPAL NUNCIO AS HE ARRIVED AT THE AIRPORT. A FLOOD OF MISSIONARIES CAME TO GUATEMALA TO PREACH ANTI-COMMUNISM. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 4,5 GUATEMALA, 54 CARDINAL SPELLMAN ARRANGED CIA CONTACT BETWEEN A SENIOR CHURCHMAN SO THE CIA COULD COORDINATE HIS EFFORTS WITH THE OVERTHROW OP. ANTI-ARBENZ AND ANTI-COMMUNIST PASTORAL LETTERS WERE GIVEN WIDE DISTRIBUTION IN L.A. PRESS. AND THOUSANDS OF LEAFLETS CARRYING THE PASTORAL LETTERS WERE AIR-DROPPED INTO REMOTE AREAS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 99 LATIN AMERICA, 87-91 GUATEMALA’S DECISIVE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION POINTS UP BIG GAINS PROTESTANISM IS MAKING ALL ACROSS REGION AT EXPENSE OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM. EVANGELICAL PROTESTANISM INCREASED FROM 15 MILLION TO AT LEAST 40 MILLION IN LATIN AMERICA. TIME 1/21/91 68 THIRD WORLD, 48-75 UNTIL 75 THE CIA ROUTINELY USED MISSIONARIES AND CLERICS AS INFORMANTS. THIS ESPECIALLY TRUE IN CENTRAL AMERICA WHERE MOST OF 14 DOCUMENTED CASES OF COLLABORATION OCCURRED. (THE HISTORIC CONFERENCE OF LATIN AMERICAN BISHOPS HELD IN COLOMBIAN CITY OF MEDELLIN IN 68 SET THE HEMISPHERE’S CATHOLIC CHURCH ON A NEW COURSE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE. CALLED THE MEDELLIN CONFERENCE.) DURING THE COLD WAR U.S. MISSIONARIES ROUTINELY ON THEIR RETURN TO THE U.S. VISITED THE STATE DEPT TO BE DEBRIEFED. A PROTESTANT MISSIONARY IN BOLIVIA REGULARLY MET WITH A CIA AGENT TO PASS ON ALL SORTS OF INFO ABOUT UNIONS FARMERS’ COOPERATIVES. CIA REGULARLY VISITED THE MARYKNOLL HQS IN NEW YORK UP TO 1970. CIA TRIED TO GET INFO FROM MISSIONARIES IN THE FIELD BY DEVELOPING FRIENDSHIPS AND APPEARING TO ASK DISINTERESTED QUESTIONS WITHOUT IDENTIFYING THEMSELVES AS CIA. IN GUATEMALA A CIA AGENT USED HIS BACKGROUND AS A MARYKNOLL SEMINARIAN TO DEVELOP CONTACTS WITH U.S. MISSIONARIES. THE CIA IN LATIN AMERICA SUPPORTED RIGHT-WING CATHOLIC GROUPS. THE NATION 4/26/80 P494-496 WYCLIFFE BIBLE TRANSLATORS SPECIALIZE IN LINGUISTIC AND RELIGIOUS WORK AMONG TRIBAL PEOPLES. THEY EFFECTIVELY COMBINE SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUE WITH RELIGIOUS MYSTIFICATION…TO THE OLD PROCESS OF PACIFYING NATIVE PEOPLES. WBT ALSO CREATED THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS. SEE CHART ON PAGE 20 FOR A LIST OF TRAINING CENTERS FOR THE SIL. NO COVERT RELATIONSHIP WITH U.S. INTEL OR PARAMILITARY OP REVEALED BUT WBT/SIL IS IN PART FUNDED BY THE AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM, NEPAL AND PERU. WBT/SIL ACTIVE IN LATIN AMERICA; I.E., MEXICO, GUATEMALA, PANAMA, COLOMBIA, SURINAM, ECUADOR, PERU, BOLIVIA AND BRAZIL. IT WORKS WITH INDIANS IN NORTH AMERICA AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA. FOR DETAILED INFO SEE NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 12/73 P15-21 SPECIAL FORCES GUATEMALA 62 TRAINED OFFICIALS IN COUNTERINSURGENCY. BLUM, W. (1986). THE CIA A FORGOTTEN HISTORY 262-263 GUATEMALA, 66-68 ABOUT 1000 GREEN BERETS HELPED ARANA’S TROOPS ON COUNTERINSURGENCY RAIDS. 8000 PEOPLE SLAIN. LERNOUX, P. (1982). CRY OF THE PEOPLE 186 GUATEMALA, 66-68 GREEN BERETS CI CAMPAIGN LED TO SLAUGHTER OF PERHAPS 10,000 PEASANTS WITH HELP OF GREEN BERETS. NAPALM ALSO USED. CHOMSKY, N. (1985). TURNING THE TIDE 155 GUATEMALA, 68 ADVISORS SENT TO GUATEMALA WORK WITH MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY FORCES TO DESIGN BLOODY, EFFECTIVE REPRESSION OF INSURGENCY. DICKEY, C. (1985). WITH THE CONTRAS 85 GUATEMALA, 68-82 TRAINED MILITARY DEATH SQUADS WHO USED “TERROR TACTICS” FROM KILLING TO INDISCRIMINATE NAPALMING OF VILLAGES. SPECIAL FORCES ALMOST CERTAINLY PARTICIPATED IN OPS DESPITE CONGRESSIONAL PROHIBITION. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 193 STATION GUATEMALA, 54 THE FIELD HQS FOR THE GUATEMALAN OP WAS A TWO-STORY BARRACKS AT THE MARINE AIR BASE AT OPA LOCKA, FLORIDA. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 98 GUATEMALA, 61 IN 1961 BOB DAVIS WAS CIA STATION CHIEF IN GUATEMALA. WYDEN, P. (1979). BAY OF PIGS THE UNTOLD STORY 300 STUDENTS GUATEMALA, 93 NED/INSTITUTE OF INVESTIGATION AND POLITICAL TRAINING – FOR TRAINING STUDENTS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 9/93 70 GUATEMALA, MEXICO, 52 H. HUNT TRIED OBTAIN INTEL ON THE INTERNAL SITUATION IN GUATEMALA BY USING MEXICAN BORDER CROSSERS, MOST OF WHOM WERE STUDENTS. HUNT, H.J. (1974). UNDERCOVER 84 MEXICO, 54 HOWARD HUNT WAS SUBSIDIZING AND DIRECTING POWERFUL ANTI-COMMUNIST STUDENT ORG MEXICO THAT REPORTED ON SITUATION GUATEMALA. AMBROSE, S.E. (1981). IKE’S SPIES 220 TECH, GEN CUBA, 54-61 CIA AS IN GUATEMALA RELIED ON RADIO INTERFERENCE WITH CASTRO’S MICROWAVE INTERNAL-COMMO NET TO FORCE MILITARY UNITS INTO OPEN VOICE CONVERSATIONS WHICH CIA COULD OVERHEAR. HIGGINS, T. (1987). THE PERFECT FAILURE 98 TERRORISM GUATEMALA DEATH SQUADS, 66 REVOLUTION BROUGHT FULL-SCALE COUNTERINSURGENCY TO ARMS, ADVISORS AND GREEN BERETS. STATE DEPT STUDY SAID: “TO ELIMINATE FEW HUNDRED GUERRILLAS, THE GVT KILLED PERHAPS 10,000 PEASANTS.” KWITNY, J. (1984). ENDLESS ENEMIES 233 GUATEMALA, 50-72 IN OCT 66 ARANA (WITH INCREASING AMOUNTS OF U.S. MILITARY AND POLICE AID TO GUATEMALA) WAS USING QUASI-MILITARY TERRORIST UNITS IN GUERRILLA ZONES. IN COORDINATION WITH ARMY AND POLICE INTEL APPARATUS, PM GROUPS WERE USED TO ROOT OUT GUERRILLA SYMPATHIZERS. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 196 RAND CORPORATION, GUATEMALA. RAND ATTRIBUTED 60–82 SUCCESS OF U.S. TRAINED GUATEMALAN MILITARY – DEATH SQUADS TO “THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF TERROR TACTICS” FROM MURDER TO INDISCRIMINATE NAPALMING VILLAGES. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 193 REAGAN ADMINISTRATION LINKS WITH GUATEMALA’S TERRORIST GOVERNMENT. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (QUARTERLY) 4/81 16-21 THINK TANK CENTRAL AMERICA, 84-90 CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY, MAJOR GRANT PROJECT OF NRI IS COMPOSED OF 4 REGIONAL THINK TANKS, EACH AFFILIATED WITH A RIGHTWING POLITICAL PARTY FOR ASSOCIATES IN HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, AND COSTA RICA, E.G., HONDURAN CENTER FOR ECONOMIC POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES; IN GUATEMALA, THE POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE AND THE CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES; AND, COSTA RICA’S APDLD. COHA AND THE RESOURCE CENTER, (1990). NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY 48 CENTRAL AMERICA, 89 NED/NRIIA, FOR THE CENTRAL AMERICAN ACADEMY, A COOPERATIVE EFFORT OF FOUR POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS IN COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS AND NICARAGUA DEDICATED TO STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES IN CENTRAL AMERICA. $136,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 89 40 GUATEMALA, 44-54 COLD-WAR SCHOLAR RONALD SCHNEIDER PUBLISHED IN 58 A SCHOLARLY ACCOUNT OF THE COMMUNIST TAKEOVER UNDER ARBENZ “COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA.” SCHNEIDER GIVEN ACCESS TO MORE THAN 50,000 INTERNAL DOCS. BOOK MADE NO MENTION OF U.S. ROLE IN OVERTHROW GVT. WHEN HE WROTE BOOK SCHNEIDER EMPLOYED BY THE U. OF PENNSYLVANIA’S RIGHT-WING COLD-WAR THINK TANK, THE FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FPRI). IT CLAIMED SCHNEIDER GOT DOCS THRU THE STATE DEPT, IT MORE LIKELY THAT HIS CONTACTS WERE THE CIA, WHICH WAS FUNDING THE FPRI. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 83-4 GUATEMALA, 84-85 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS (CEDEP) – CENTER FOR POLITICAL STUDIES FUNDED BY NED – PUBLISHES QUARTERLY JOURNAL. NED GRANT BY CARIBBEAN CENTRAL AMERICAN ACTION, A D.C.-BASED NON-PROFIT TO HELP OPS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 84,85 GUATEMALA, 86 NED/NRI TO ASSIST CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS ECONOMICOS-SOCIALES (CEES), A GROUP OF ACADEMICIANS, BUSINESSMEN AND PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSTS FOR CENTER-RIGHT LEGISLATORS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1986 38 GUATEMALA, 86 NED/ROOSEVELT CENTER FOR AMERICAN POLICY STUDIES TO ASSIST ASOCIACION DE INVESTIGACION Y ESTUDIOS SOCIALES (ASIES) A RESEARCH GROUP ON POLITICAL ISSUES. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 1986 39 GUATEMALA, 88 NED/NRI FUNDING CENTER FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDIES FOR LEGISLATIVE STUDIES. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 88 39 GUATEMALA, 90 NED, NATIONAL RECONCILIATION COMMISSION, A NEUTRAL NONGOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTION CREATED IN 1987 IN COMPLIANCE WITH ESQUIPULAS II ACCORDS, FOR CONTINUED SUPPORT OF ITS EFFORTS TO PROMOTE DIALOGUE AMONG KEY SECTORS OF GUATEMALAN SOCIETY. $60,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 90 41 GUATEMALA, 91 NED, RESOURCES FOR ACTION, SUPPORT CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS (CEDEP) CONDUCT CIVIC EDUCATION PROGRAM. $66,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 91 61 GUATEMALA, 932 NED/IRI GRANT TO ASOCIACION DE PODER LOCAL (ASSOCIATION OF LOCAL POWER), A NGO. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORTS 9/93 70 IN 89 THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED), A SMALL PRIVATE FOUNDATION CHARTERED AND FUNDED BY CONGRESS TO “PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD.” NED DOLES OUT MONEY $15.8 MILLION IN 89 TO PRIVATE U.S.-BASED GROUPS. MOST MONEY GOES TO INSTITUTES AFFILIATED WITH 4 ENTITIES: AFL-CIO, THE U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. ALL 4 RUN THEIR OWN MINIATURE STATE DEPTS. THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE USES MONEY 1.7 MILLION TO HELP CONSERVATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA. A MAJOR PROJECT OF THE INSTITUTE IS THE CENTRAL AMERICAN POLITICAL ACADEMY WHICH COMPRISES 4 THINK TANKS IN THE AREA. THE HONDURAN COMPONENT IS THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES. IN GUATEMALA IT IS THE POLITICAL ACADEMY FOR LIBERTY AND JUSTICE (ACAP). ANOTHER IN GUATEMALA IS THE CENTER FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES. IN COSTA RICA THE ASSOCIATION FOR DEFENSE OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY. ALL 4 THINK TANKS AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRAT UNION (IDU), A CONFEDERATION OF CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL PARTIES FROM 20 COUNTRIES, FIRST CONVENED IN LONDON IN 83 . THE NED ENGAGES OPENLY IN THE TYPE OF WORK ONCE RESERVED FOR THE CIA-PROMOTING POLITICAL PARTIES, FUNDING PROPAGANDA, INFLUENCING CAMPAIGNS, COURTING TRADE UNIONS, ETC. THE NATION 12/18/89 744-746 LATIN AMERICA, 58-65 CIA GAVE COSTA RICA’S FIGUERES MONEY TO PUBLISH JOURNAL “COMBATE,” AND TO SPONSOR INSTITUTE OF POLITICAL EDUCATION IN C.R. IN 11/59. INSTITUTE A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR POLITICAL PARTIES OF DEMOCRATIC LEFT FROM C.R., CUBA (EXILE), DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (EXILE), GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA (EXILE), PANAMA, PERU AND VENEZUELA. CIA FUNDED THRU SHELL FOUNDATION KAPLAN FUND NEXT TO INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL LABOR RESEARCH (IILR) IN NEW YORK. SOCIALIST LEADER NORMAN THOMAS HEADED IILR WHO CLAIMED HE IGNORANT OF CIA ROLE. FIGUERES CREATED INTER-AMERICAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT MOVEMENT (INADESMO) A FRONT TO DISPERSE FUNDS DIRECTLY. AMERINGER, C.D. (1990). U.S. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE 256-7 RAND CORPORATION, GUATEMALA, 60-82 RAND ATTRIBUTED SUCCESS OF U.S. TRAINED GUATEMALAN MILITARY DEATH SQUADS TO “THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF TERROR TACTICS” FROM MURDER TO INDISCRIMINATE NAPALMING VILLAGES. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 193 THE NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL FOUNDATION (NFDC) WAS FOUNDED BY F. ANDY MESSING IN 78 TO HELP POPULARIZE LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT (LIC). MESSING WAS A CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON FOR THE ARMY, AND LATER JOINED THE AMERICAN SECURITY COUNCIL, A LOBBY GROUP FOR CONSERVATIVE CAUSES. HE ALSO LOBBIED AGAINST “ABANDONMENT” OF REGIME OF IAN SMITH IN RHODESIA. IN 79, MESSING BECAME A PROTEGE OF HOWARD PHILLIPS OF THE CONSERVATIVE CAUCUS, BUT DID NOT ABANDON NDCF. UP UNTIL 85, MESSING HELD A POSITION AT THE PENTAGON WHERE HE MONITORED U.S. INTEL ON CENTRAL AMERICA. NDCF FOCUSES ON LIC BECAUSE HE FEELS THAT THIS IS ULTIMATELY WHERE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN U.S. AND USSR LIES. NDCF HAS AN ANNUAL BUDGET OF ABOUT $300,000 AND A STAFF OF THREE. IN 85, CONTRA LEADER ALDOLFO CALERO’S BROTHER HELPED MESSING CHANNEL OVER $1,000,000 OF NONLETHAL AID TO THE CONTRAS. FROM 84-86 NDCF DISTRIBUTED $22 MILLION IN MEDICINES, MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, FOOD, AND CLOTHING IN GUATEMALA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, AND COSTA RICA TO HOSPITALS AND REFUGEE CAMPS. DELIVERING “HUMANITARIAN” AID FITS INTO THE LIC DOCTRINE BECAUSE FOOD AND MEDICINE ARE THE MAJOR LINCHPINS IN CIVIC ACTION CAMPAIGNS. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT TORTURE ARGENTINA. IN EXCHANGE FOR 81 ARMS SALES ARGENTINA TO AID NICARAGUA CONTRAS. ICC 58. ALSO INVOLVED IN HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, TEACHING TORTURE TECHNIQUES, ET AL. MARSHALL, J., SCOTT P.D., & HUNTER, J. (1987). THE IRAN-CONTRA CONNECTION 59 CIA SET UP ANSESAL AND OTHER NETWORKS OF TERROR IN EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA (ANSEGAT) AND PRE-SANDINISTA NICARAGUA (ANSENIC). THE CIA CREATED, STRUCTURED AND TRAINED SECRET POLICE IN SOUTH KOREA, IRAN, CHILE AND URUGUAY, AND ELSEWHERE – ORGANIZATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNTOLD THOUSANDS OF TORTURES, DISAPPEARANCES, AND DEATHS. SPARK 4/85 P2-4 GUATEMALA, 63 SPECIAL FORCES CARRIED OUT INTENSIVE TRG OF LOCAL PERSONNEL IN ANTI-GUERRILLA WARFARE, INTERROGATION AND SURVIVAL. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 247 GUATEMALA, 70-72 UNDER ARANA PRESIDENCY, WITH MARIO SANDOVAL ALARCON AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN RIGHT-WING TERRORISM, ARANA UNLEASHED ONE OF THE MOST GRUESOME SLAUGHTERS IN RECENT LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY (ONLY IN CHILE, FOLLOWING THE COUP AGAINST ALLENDE WAS THE DEGREE OF VIOLENCE GREATER). THE NYT REPORTED IN JUNE 71 THAT AT LEAST 2000 GUATEMALANS WERE ASSASSINATED BETWEEN 11/70 AND 5/71; MOST CORPSES SHOWED SIGNS OF TORTURE. MOST OF KILLING ATTRIBUTED TO THE OFFICIALLY SUPPORTED TERRORIST ORGS OJO POR OJO (AN EYE FOR AN EYE) AND MANO BLANCA. JONES, S., & TOBIS, D. (EDS.). (1974). GUATEMALA 202-3 GUATEMALA, 80-93 GUATEMALA HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION/USA REPORT “CONFRONTING THE HEART OF DARKNESS – AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TORTURE IN GUATEMALA.” JUNE 93 99 PAGES TRAINING CUBA 60 CIA SENT A CABLE TO CUBAN EXILE TRAINING CAMP IN GUATEMALA ON 4 NOV 60 ORDERING TRAINERS TO PLAN FOR AN ALL OUT FRONTAL ASSAULT ON CUBA RATHER THAN GUERRILLA-INFILTRATION OPERATIONS. SIXTY MEN WERE PICKED FOR INFILTRATION AND SENT TO PANAMA, FLORIDA, LOUISIANA, AND MARYLAND (NEAR FT. MEADE) FOR TRAINING. HAYNES, J. (1964). THE BAY OF PIGS: THE LEADER’S STORY OF BRIGADE 2506 54,55,59 WATCH LIST GUATEMALA, 54 DEATH SQUADS AND TARGET LISTS. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 197, 207-8, 221 GUATEMALA, 54 GOAL OF CIA WAS APPREHENSION OF SUSPECTED COMMUNISTS AND SYMPATHIZERS. AT CIA BEHEST, CASTILLO ARMAS CREATED COMMITTEE AND ISSUED DECREE THAT EST. DEATH PENALTY FOR CRIMES INCLUDING LABOR UNION ACTIVITIES. COMMITTEE GIVEN AUTHORITY DECLARE ANYONE COMMUNIST WITH NO RIGHT OF DEFENSE OR APPEAL. BY 11/21/ 54 COMMITTEE HAD SOME 72,000 PERSONS ON FILE AND AIMING TO LIST 200,000. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 221 GUATEMALA, 54 THE U.S. AMBASSADOR AFTER OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ GVT GAVE LISTS OF RADICAL OPPONENTS TO BE ELIMINATED TO ARMAS’S GVT. NACLA 2/83 P4. THE MILITARY CONTINUED UP TO AT LEAST 79 TO USE A LIST OF 72,000 PROSCRIBED OPPONENTS, DRAWN UP FIRST IN 54. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/83 P13 GUATEMALA, 54 AFTER ARMAS MADE PRESIDENT, LABOR CODE FORGOTTEN AND WORKER ORGANIZERS BEGAN DISAPPEARING FROM UNITED FRUIT PLANTATIONS. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 353 GUATEMALA, 81-89 ISRAELI KNESSET MEMBER GEN. PELED SAID IN CENTRAL AMERICA ISRAEL IS `DIRTY WORK’ CONTRACTOR FOR U.S. HELPED GUATEMALA REGIME WHEN CONGRESS BLOCKED REAGAN ADM. ISRAELI FIRM TADIRAN (THEN PARTLY U.S.-OWNED) SUPPLIED GUATEMALAN MILITARY WITH COMPUTERIZED INTEL SYSTEM TO TRACK POTENTIAL SUBVERSIVES. THOSE ON COMPUTER LIST HAD AN EXCELLENT CHANCE OF BEING “DISAPPEARED.” IT “AN ARCHIVE AND COMPUTER FILE ON JOURNALISTS, STUDENTS, LEADERS, LEFTISTS, POLITICIANS AND SO ON.” COMPUTER SYSTEM MAKING UP DEATH LISTS. COCKBURN, A. & COCKBURN, L. (1991). DANGEROUS LIAISON 219 GUATEMALA, 54 DOS SECRETARY DULLES TOLD AMBASSADOR PEURIFOY TO HAVE THE GVT SCOUR THE COUNTRYSIDE FOR COMMUNISTS AND TO SLAP THEM WITH CRIMINAL CHARGES. A FEW MONTHS LATER THE GVT BEGAN TO PERSECUTE HUNDREDS FOR VAGUE COMMUNIST CRIMES. THE NATION 10/28/78 444 WEAPONRY GUATEMALA, 53-54 IN OP PBSUCCESS CIA CREATED DUMMY ARMS COMPANY, INTERNATIONAL ARMAMENT CORPORATION (INTERARMCO) TO SERVE AS CONDUIT FOR ARMS TO NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS. CIA USED VARIETY DUMMY ORGANIZATIONS TO SEND PLANES TO REBELS. NATIONAL GUARD UNITS IN SOUTHERN U.S. LOANED PLANES TO CIA, WHICH RENTED THEM TO NICARAGUA FOR ONE DOLLAR EACH. AIR FORCE OF A DOZEN PLANES. TREVERTON, G. (1987). COVERT ACTION 63 GUATEMALA, 53 CIA WITH UNITED FRUIT SUPPLIED RIGHT WING ARMY OFFICERS WITH WEAPONS. THEY RAIDED A PROVINCIAL TOWN AND WERE OVERCOME. CIA’S ROLE IN AFFAIR NOT REVEALED IN TRIAL. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 103 GUATEMALA, 54 ARBENZ ARRANGED TO BUY ARMS FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA WHOSE ARRIVAL IN GUATEMALA USED AS EXCUSE TO OVERTHROW HIS GVT. KWITNY, J. (1984). ENDLESS ENEMIES 226 GUATEMALA, 54 INTERNATIONAL OUTCRY OVER GUATEMALA’S PURCHASE OF ARMS FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA. US LEAKED STORY. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 10 GUATEMALA, 54 OPERATION FORTUNE, A CIA PLAN TO SMUGGLE ARMS TO ARBENZ OPPONENTS VIA UNITED FRUIT BOATS. PLANS CANCELLED BY STATE DEPT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 92 GUATEMALA, 82-83 THE CIA PROVIDED RIFLES AND LASER-BEAM RIFLE SIGHTS FOR GENERAL RIOS MONTT’S CIVIL PATROLS. THE PROGRESSIVE 9/86 P7 GUATEMALA, 82 MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS CORP OF PHILADELPHIA HAS BEEN SUPPLYING THE GUATEMALAN GVT WITH LASER-AIMED RIFLE SIGHTS FOR SEVERAL YEARS. MASS TRANSIT HAS DONE CONTRACT ARMS SHIPMENTS FOR THE CIA. CIA RECORDS INDICATE THE RELATIONSHIP EXISTED SINCE 81. MASS T. WAS INCORPORATED IN DELAWARE IN 78 FOR THE “PROMOTION AND SALE OF TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT AND RELATED PARTS AND SUPPLIES.” THE CIA ALSO WITH THE PENTAGON ARRANGED FOR 10 U.S. M-41 TANKS FOR DELIVERY TO GUATEMALA FROM BELGIUM VIA THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. IN JULY 85 A CIA-APPROVED SHIPMENT OF 40 ASSAULT RIFLES WITH 1000 GRENADE LAUNCHERS WERE DELIVERED FROM ISRAEL. THE PROGRESSIVE 5/86 P20-2 INTERARMCO, 54 THRU FORMER CIA EMPLOYEE SAMUEL CUMMINGS CIA SET UP DUMMY ARMS CO CALLED INTERNATIONAL ARMAMENT CORPORATION AND ENDOWED CO WITH OVER $100,000. COM THEN BEGAN TO SUPPLY ARMS TO CIA-ORGANIZED LIBERATION ARMY OF GUATEMALA. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 115 ISRAEL, CENTRAL AMERICA, 80-86 HARARI PART OF ISRAELI ARMS NET IN GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR IN 80-83 AND TO CONTRAS IN 83-85. WITH HUNDREDS TONS ARMS FROM PLO STOCKS SHIPPED AT REQUEST OF DCI CASEY. HARARI PART OF NORIEGA BUSINESS. MOVED COCAINE FROM COLOMBIA TO PANAMA. THERE AN “ARMS SUPERMARKET,” A SERIES OF WAREHOUSES IN HONDURAN CITY OF SAN PEDRO SULA. NEWSWEEK REPORTED SUPERMARKET’S PARTNERSHIP AS A COLLECTION OF LONGTIME CIA ARMS MERCHANTS, AGENTS OF MOSSAD’S SECRET SERVICE, AND INTEL ARM OF HONDURAN MILITARY. COCKBURN, A. & COCKBURN, L. (1991). DANGEROUS LIAISON 254-55 ISRAEL, GUATEMALA. 77-85 PASAKH BEN OR, AN ISRAELI IN GUATEMALA, SOLD SO MANY ISRAELI ARMS IN GUATEMALA THERE NOTHING LEFT TO BUY. COCKBURN, A. & COCKBURN, L. (1991). DANGEROUS LIAISON 221 WEAPONRY, PLANTED GUATEMALA, 52-54 IN MIDST OF STEVENSON’S 52 CAMPAIGN FOR PRESIDENT, MIGUEL A. MAGANA OF EL SALVADOR GAVE BERLE EVIDENCE THAT GUATEMALAN REGIME HAD IMPORTED CZECHOSLOVAK ARMS AND THAT IT CONSTITUTED “CLEAR-CUT INTERVENTION” BY USSR. FROM AN ANTI-GVT SOURCE, BERLE HEARD COMMUNISTS USING TORTURE AND ASSASSINATION AGAINST OPPOSITION; FROM CIA HE LEARNED THAT A SHIPMENT OF ARMS FROM POLAND HAD LANDED IN GUATEMALA AND GUNS WERE BEING DISTRIBUTED TO PEASANTS NOT THE ARMY. BERLE DESCRIBED FOR NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE THE COMMUNIST THREAT TO LATIN AMERICA, HINTING “IT WOULD TAKE MORE THAN DIPLOMATIC MACHINERY…” BERLE WAS NOT PRIVY TO CIA PLANS. SCHWARTZ, J. (1987). LIBERAL: ADOLF A. BERLE AND THE VISION OF AN AMERICAN ERA 314 GUATEMALA, 54 PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN TO OVERTHROW ARBENZ HIGHLIGHTED TO SEMI PUBLIC MILITARY PREPARATIONS GOING ON IN HONDURAS, ACTUAL AND FICTIONAL ARMS DROPS, BORDER INTRUSIONS INTO GUATEMALA, AND DIRECT APPEALS TO GUATEMALAN MILITARY OFFICERS. CORSON, W.R. (1977). ARMIES OF IGNORANCE 354 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA PLANES PARACHUTED RUSSIAN-MADE ARMS TO MAKE THE CLAIM THAT THE SOVIETS WERE TRYING TO ESTABLISH A BEACHHEAD. COMMANDO RAIDS BY CIA OPERATIVES KNOCKED OUT RAILROAD LINES, A FEW SHIPS AND SOME TRAINS. THE NATION 10/28/78 P443 GUATEMALA, NICARAGUA, 54 CIA COLLABORATED WITH SOMOZA IN PLANTING CASES OF RIFLES ALONG NICARAGUAN COAST. FOSTER DULLES LEAKED TO NEWSMEN THAT THE ARMS FORESHADOWED INVASION OF HONDURAS. HERSH, B. (1992). THE OLD BOYS 346 HONDURAS, 70 IN ITS BATTLE WITH EL SALVADOR MCCANN, A PR PERSON WITH UNITED FRUIT, TOLD A TOP HONDURAN OFFICIAL TO PLACE SOME RUSSIAN OR CHINESE WEAPONS IN HANDS OF DEAD SALVADORAN SOLDIERS, AND THEN ANNOUNCED “DISCOVERY” TO PRESS WITH PICTURES. AATT 168. NEW YORK TIMES REPORTED ON WEAPONS SHIPMENT TO GUATEMALA THAT BORE HAMMER AND SICKLE MARKINGS – A FAMILIAR CIA TACTIC ONE THAT MCCANN, A UNITED FRUIT EMPLOYEE, USED HIMSELF. MCANN, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT 59 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA STASHED MANY ARMS IN CANAL ZONE. OTHER CIA UNITS GATHERED SOVIET-MARKED WEAPONS TO PLANT INSIDE GUATEMALA JUST BEFORE INVASION TO REINFORCE AMERICAN CHARGES THAT RUSSIANS TRYING TO ESTABLISH A FOOTHOLD. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 115 GUATEMALA 54 AN UNMARKED PLANE ON 8 JUNE PARACHUTED ARMS ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF GUATEMALA. ARMS HAD SOVIET MARKINGS. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 9 GUATEMALA, 54 CIA STARTED TO PLANT BOXES OF RIFLES WITH CONSPICUOUS SOVIET MARKINGS NEAR NICARAGUA’S PACIFIC COAST AND TO ARRANGE FOR THEIR DISCOVERY BY NICARAGUAN POLICE. NICARAGUA’S DICTATOR COOPERATED WITH THE RUSE AND TOLD DIPLOMATIC COMMUNITY THAT POLICE HAD LOCATED A SOVIET WEAPON SHIPMENT. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 150 GUATEMALA, 54 PR DIRECTOR UNITED FRUIT WHILE OUTLINING SUCCESS OF COMPANY’S CAMPAIGN TO CONTROL PRESS DURING COUP GUATEMALA OBSERVES “THE PHONY WEAPONS PLOY” WAS USED IN GUATEMALA IN 54 AS IN VIETNAM THROUGH 60S. CHOMSKY, N. (1985). TURNING THE TIDE 120 NICARAGUA, GUATEMALA, 54 TO DEMONSTRATE SOVIET ARMING OF GUATEMALA, CIA PLANTED SOVIET MARKED ARMS CACHE ON NICARAGUA’S PACIFIC COAST IN MAY 54. SOMOZA FLAUNTED “DISCOVERY” FOR PRESS. GLIEJESES, P. (1991). SHATTERED HOPE 294 WHITE PAPER GUATEMALA, 54 DOS ISSUED WHITE PAPER WHICH USED INFO FROM A CIA-BACKED BOOK. SECOND REPORT OF STATE DEPT. CALLED “INTERVENTION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM IN GUATEMALA,” ALSO USED SOME CIA-BACKED BOOK MATERIAL. SCHLESINGER, S., & KINZER, S. (1983). BITTER FRUIT 95